Role of Unions and Human Relations Management Personnel Research Paper

Job of Unions and Human Relations Management Personnel - Research Paper Example This disservice results from the strikes which are attempted by the worker's organizations for various reasons at various spans. The choices to go on a strike, for the securing of improved workplace or wages, includes numerous such social and expert components which can be a major damage to the exhibition of the association and representatives. Besides, the inventiveness, accomplishments and great execution of laborers isn't compensated. Because of the strikes and worker's guild exercises, the underachievers are additionally paid for their administrations same as the superior workers. The association laborers are regularly difficult to be terminated, so they decline the profitability just as the benefit capability of the association. One of different variables is that these associations cause the individual workers to lose their ability to speak freely and the quality of voice in the association (Baccaro, 2008). The HR the executives staff are the significant individuals to assume the contributing job in restricting the individuals of the association together. They compose different exercises through which the individuals in the workforce of the organization meet up and work with one another. Through this procedure, they come to think about one another in a superior way. At the point when the new representatives are enlisted into the association, they are invited and are made to know the others of the organization by the human asset the board official. All the breaks, available time and recreation is overseen by the HR relations official and the beneficial relations, appropriate affiliation and correspondence of partners with one another are guaranteed by them in a superior way. The worker connection s director assumes the job of a connection or an association between the administration and the representatives inside the association. He is even dependable to gather the data of the worker's organizations to help its exercises and aggregate dealing jobs. He likewise makes the workers

Holiness and mystery Essay Example For Students

Heavenliness and riddle Essay Owen Meany is one of the most interesting characters in the story; common small size of hisâ body, yet greatest soul and grit are agreeably joined in this character. He is thusâ the portrayal of the characteristic and heavenly, the blessedness and puzzle. Owen Meany isâ so light, that every one of his colleagues could lift him up, so savvy, that he could prognosticate his destiny and soâ clumsy, that one unbalanced baseball shot, made by Owen murdered his closest companions mother. Building up a Christ-like character, John Irving doesn't plan to reach perfectionâ and vision: Owen Meany knows about smoking and straightforward innocent conduct, howeverâ he have what others completely need: firm and unflagging confidence in the presence of God, whoâ charged him with uncommon crucial. This solid standard defeats all the questions and prompts aâ miracle, that without a doubt has impact on John Wheelwright. Owen Meany similarly as a Christâ visualizes his demise and reverentially habituates to it. Imagery in the novel is one of the best and significant methodologies that the authorâ uses. Owen, himself, is portrayed as a celestial being: he is actually a delicate male smaller than normal with aâ falsetto high voice, solid will and created feelings. Owen is the image of Jesus, a mediumâ between God and Mankind. Similarly, Owen continually shouts: I AM GODS INSTRUMENT. There is a reference to nativity set in Meanys home that is feeling the loss of the Baby Jesus in the den, asâ well as Owen Meany. So also to Jesus, Owen at last relinquishes his own life for the great ofâ others. Similarly significant is that Owen had the option to develop his character and becomeâ respected, regarded and respected in the American culture. He covered knowledge,â wisdom and light and hallowed psyche. Owen was a fortune for individuals, an uncommon authentic creation,â ceasing to live, as killed Christ. Owen was in direct correspondence with God; he wasâ born to fill a unique need, achieve his obligation and pass away just after. For what reason was Owen Meany enriched with such fate? This is the thing that makes the novel so uncommon and bizarre. Into heaven may the holy messengers lead you. Owen alluded to the way that the angelsâ will control oneself into Heaven after the passing, to empower John in trusting and beingâ optimistic. Owenss total dedication to God encouraged John to comprehend passing as aâ transitional venture, as opposed to a catastrophe. Owen Meany was the focal point of Irvings idea. Owen Meany showed his closest companion a thing or two, yet additionally gave perusers an explanation toâ reevaluate and reexamine life. The thought of America is thematized through the occasions that occur in the novel. Theâ loss of Owen Meany can be perused as the aftereffect of the Vietnamese war. A round of baseball-anâ important image of America identifies with Johns moms demise a key occasion in theâ story. The scrutinize of American governmental issues and society can be found in the novel, initiallyâ dramatizing it. Throughout the book, I could clearly envision Owen as a Christ-like figure with angelsâ wings on his back. The explanation is that Owen Meany consummately fitted in this job. Irving greatlyâ portrayed Owen, giving him a fitting appearance, reasonable activities and character. I accept that John Irvings objective to show Owen Meany as a Christ figure wasâ successfully achieved. Jesus , itself is a gallant and bold man with compelling great deeds and Owen Meany, liable to Christ stays a saint in the novel. As indicated by the way that Jesusâ was sent to give his devotees endless life, Owen Meany filled in as a saver of people lives. There were consistent correlations of Owen to Jesus, which proove the possibility that Owen is an Instrument of God. I discover this thought very fathomable and reasonable.

Bruxism Causes and Treatment

Bruxism Causes and Treatment Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Print Bruxism Causes and Treatment By Kimberly Read Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 09, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 23, 2020 Marvin Fox / Moment / Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Mania and Hypomania Depression Diagnosis Treatment In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms and Complications Causes and Risk Factors Treatment View All Back To Top If you routinely grind or clench your teeth, you may also be experiencing symptoms ranging from headaches or facial pain to a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder that can lead to its own host of health problems. Or you may be grinding without even realizing it: Lots of people clench and grind their teeth in their sleep and wouldnt notice unless a spouse or partner points it out. What may seem like an innocuous nervous habit is actually considered a medical condition called bruxism. Certain medications increase the risk of bruxism.?? So, a prescription change could be all it takes to ?resolve the condition. Other people may need more help, such as taking measures to relieve stress (people often grind their teeth when theyre nervous or under pressure) or wearing a mouth guard during sleep. Symptoms and Complications Most of the time, bruxism is not severe enough to cause major problems. When symptoms do occur they include: Facial painHeadachesâ€"tension headaches from day grinding and morning headaches for nighttime bruxismEarachesDamage to teeth: chips fractures, worn enamel, flattened tops, loose teeth  Teeth that are very sensitive to cold, heat, or pressureChewed places on the tongue or cheekNoise from the grinding or clenching that wakes your sleeping partnerTemporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders Causes and Risk Factors There are lots of reasons a person grind their teeth. These are the most common causes and risk factors for bruxism: Emotions.  Frustration, stress, tension, anxiety, and suppressed anger are all potential culprits.  Youth. Kids are more likely to grind their teeth than adults. In fact, sleep-related bruxism affects 15% to 40% of children compared to 8% to 10% of adults.??Medications.  Research shows that certain medications are known to cause bruxismâ€"in particular, some that are used to treat psychiatric conditions.?? Its thought that these drugs cause changes in the central nervous system that lead to teeth grinding and jaw clenching.  Examples of such medications include  antipsychotics  and antidepressants, particularly  selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors  (SSRIs) like Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline), and Paxil (paroxetine).  Certain substances. Cigarette smoking, caffeine, alcohol, and recreational drugs all may increase the risk of bruxism, studies have found.??Genetics. Bruxism tends to run in families.??Certain medical, sleep, and psychiatric problems.  Disorders  associated with teeth grinding include  Parkinsons disease, dementia, gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD), epilepsy, night terrors, sleep-related disorders such as sleep apnea, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Treatment Bruxism is highly treatable. The key is to figure out whats causing you to grind your teeth and then target your treatment based on that.   Self-Care If your bruxism is causing you pain, try these steps at home to help: Dont chew gumâ€"this can make pain worse.Stay away from hard candies, nuts, steak, and other foods that are difficult to chew.Try to relax your face throughout the day. Self-massage may be helpful too: Feel for small, painful nodules called trigger points that can cause pain throughout your head and face.Manage stress. Do whatever you can to reduce your stress because stress makes bruxism worse. Take a bubble bath, go for a walk, or listen to your favorite music. Learn relaxation exercises such as mindfulness, deep breathing or meditation.Change your behavior. Discuss with your dentist techniques for practicing proper mouth and jaw positioning.  If you tend to grind in your sleep, dont have foods or beverages that contain caffeine before bed. Alcohol and smoking in the evening also can trigger bruxism worse.??Stay on top of your dental care so that your dentist can monitor any damage you might be doing to your teeth.Get plenty of sleep. Professional Help When chronic stress or anxiety is driving you to gnash and grind your teeth, it may be helpful to see a therapist. Once youve dealt with the issues that are causing your emotional distress you may find that your bruxism abates.   If other efforts fail to help you break the bruxism habit, biofeedback may be worth trying. This is  a method that uses monitoring procedures and equipment to teach you to control muscle activity in your jaw.   Mouthguards and Splints If youre a night grinder, a mouthguard, also known as an appliance or splint, may be helpful. Some fit over the top teeth, some fit over the bottom teeth. They may be designed to keep your jaw in a more relaxed position or to provide some other function. One such splint, for example, called the NTI-tss, fits over just the front teeth in order to keep the back teeth (molars) completely separated. This is based on the theory that most clenching is done on these back teeth. With the NTI, the only contact is between the splint and a bottom front tooth. In studies, the NTI-tss splint has been found to help prevent bruxism.?? Medications There is some evidence that certain medications may be helpful in managing bruxism. Muscle relaxants, and even Botox injections,?? have shown promise as temporary antidotes for teeth grinding teeth when its not caused by a medication. If your bruxism is caused by medication, your doctor may consider either changing your dose or putting you on a different medication.

The Students Of English 1120 - 1196 Words

As a way to learn and validate the research process, the students of English 1120 each conducted a survey with the other students in the class. Surveys were composed of two-three focused subject questions. Question were intended to have enough depth so that the students could form several assumptions based on the way their peers answered. In the class survey I composed, students answered questions based on their relationship with cultures different from their own. The first question asks students if they had ever traveled, and how far their adventure took them if they had. Ten students have traveled outside of the United States borders, and five students have gone across the pond to other countries. When asked, â€Å"Do you desire to know about cultures that differ from yours?† Twelve students replied that they do desire to learn more, and seven students replied that they would like to learn cultures in some respects. The final question asks, â€Å"â€Å"Do you think learnin g about different cultures is beneficial to you as a student?† Eighteen out of the nineteen respondents marked that they believe cultural learning is beneficial to them in their academic life. Anderson students have learned skills such as adaptability, tolerance to new things, grace and openness. Traveling to another country or overseas takes a student out of the realm they are accustomed to and gives them a new perspective. This opportunity makes the student friendlier- they know how to approach people that live muchShow MoreRelatedThe Learning Styles Of The Language1731 Words   |  7 Pagesteacher’s and vice versa. The answer to this question begins by looking at an article by Muhaidib which looks at 150 female university students learning English in Saudi (Muhaidib, 2011). The article addresses if students do have a preferred learning style, what the majority favored learning style is, and how teachers can use this information to better support students. Next a study by Egel that focuses on a private and state primary school in Turkey will be discussed. This study aims to address ifRead MoreAcc3077109 Words   |  29 Pages No More Ice, Inc. E. I. No. 98-7654321 A Schedule Attached to and Made Part of 2012 Form 1120—U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return List of Attached Schedules Schedule O—Consent Plan and Apportionment Schedule Form 1125-A—Cost of Goods Sold Forms 8949—Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets Form 4626—Alternative Minimum Tax—Corporations Schedule D—Capital Gains and Losses Schedule G (Form 1120)—Information on Certain Persons Owning the Corporation’s Voting Stock Form 1125-E—CompensationRead MoreIf thought corrupt language, language can corrupt thought, this is a statemnt from an essay politics and the English languagewritten by George Orwell.1115 Words   |  5 PagesIf thought corrupt language, language can corrupt thought This is a statement from the Politics and the English language written by George Orwell. He says, A bad usage can spread by tradition and imitation. The whole essay is mocking other writers on their language usage. He claims that the language is not used to its full extent. People use words the size of continents and in the end those big words say the same thing as a three-letter word. Those people also end up confusing them selvesRead MoreA Brief Note On North Dakota State University1453 Words   |  6 PagesNDSU vs. ASU The total student population of North Dakota State University as of 2015 is 14,516 students, while the total student population of Arizona State University as of 2015 is 83,301 students. There are many differences between NDSU and ASU, but each of them have their own special upsides. However, they each have their own special downsides as well. NDSU and ASU are both very good schools who offer quality education, and hopefully by the time I am a senior I will have figured out which toRead MoreThe Consequences Of A Concussion1241 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Angela Weaver English 1120 11 October 2015 Audience: Ohio Department of Education The Consequences of a Concussion in High School Almost everyone who has played on a sports team at some point in their life can say they sustained an injury at one point or another. Sometimes these injuries are completely unpreventable and the only thing that can be done is being more aware of that certain injury. Concussions in high school sports is a prime example. This because the potential negativeRead MoreThe Cost Of Higher Education Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of this, many students have chosen to skip out or put it off because they simply can’t afford it. Introduction: Attention Getter: On November 18, 2011, students from the University of California, Davis gathered around in silent protest in the universities’ quad. They were peaceful. Yes they broke a few rules - nothing big though. Yet police wouldn t have it and they wanted them out. After refusing the police s requests to remove themselves from the quad, the students were pepper sprayedRead MoreHispanic American Diversity Essay examples1121 Words   |  5 PagesIn America today, we are faced with several different minority groups arriving to the United States. The most common of all minority groups are the Hispanics. America is known for their language being English, but as the years approach, that language has faded and a new face in English language has taken over, its called Spanish. We as the people of America have become controversial over this major change, and due to that major bilingualism and political movements that have occurred from the governmentRead MoreVideo Games vs. Ch ildren Essay1757 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish 1120 10 March 2006 Video Games vs. Children The promotion of violence by today’s media, especially video games, has caused violence and aggression in reality to become a major concern. As gaming graphics and special effects are becoming more realistic, this portrayal of violence is one of the many important concerns in society. These days, a person can pick up a controller, move a joystick around, press a few buttons, and totally devastate an entire city. The recent uproar about thisRead MoreSports Rivalries And Its Impact On People1884 Words   |  8 PagesDominic Trivisonno English 1120 Composition II Professor Bihary 5/8/16 Sports Rivalries and Its Impact on people in the Sports World My research explored, is about how the pride in one’s team can impact a community and the human need to feel like a winner. Also the emotional well-being on an individual or community. Sometimes an aggressive action by the opposing team turns to hatred and that’s a point that can elevate into a rivalry. A fan is someone who actually dedicates part of their everyRead MoreSUCCEED: An Instructional Design Model3351 Words   |  14 Pagesto Funderstanding (2008), â€Å"Constructivism calls for the elimination of a standardized curriculum. Instead, it promotes using curricula customized to the students’ prior knowledge.† That is not all. â€Å"Constructivism calls for the elimination of grades and standardized testing. Instead, assessment becomes part of the learning process so that students play a larger role in judging their own progress† (Funderstanding, 2008). Convincing the local principal, school board, and state board of education to

The Mafia/Organize Crime Essay - 882 Words

The Mafia / Organized Crimes As we all know that America was built on the land of opportunity and the stitching that binds Americas fabric of history have been sown in with illegal threads. The Mafia has been woven into the American society like baseball and American apple pie The only fact about this problem is that it has been swept under the rug and said to be taboo. In this research paper I will attempt to answer this statement, the mafia is a violent and ruthless organization. In order to answer this statement there must be a clear understanding of the definition of The Mafia. Many different have defined the Mafia in many ways law enforcement agencies and researchers. There is no one individual definition, which fully expose†¦show more content†¦La Cosa Nostra makes its money by getting involved in legitimate operations such as casinos, labor unions, strip clubs, and restaurants as well as illegal rackets like prostitution, loan-sharking, and narcotics.quot; Capeci, John Mafia, by definition means, a secret organization that originated in Sicily, employs violent against people who do not cooperate with it. As organized crimebegan to make their mark in society, their guns was the source of their power as they terrorized the streets of New York. Of course, many of them were murderous, brutal thugs that killed with no feelings of remorse while other were bank-robbers, drug dealers, casino owners, hit men and pimps but they were just men who were trying to survive. As they affected all facet of society, they became celebrities by their evil deeds appearing in the front of newspapers. Carson states, that the mafia men were the richest men in America because they were also businessmen, but they were used as scapegoats for America problems. In order to obtain an objective view towards the mafia, one must know a little about its history. The mafia was first started in the ninth century, in Sicily. At this time, Arab forces were occupying Sicily. The natives were being oppressed, so that took refuge in the surrounding hills and formed a secret society to protect against the foreign invaders. This secret society was named Mafia, after the Arabic word for refuge. The societys intentions were to create aShow MoreRelatedThe Crime Of Organized Crime1649 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I hear the term organized crime, I associate it with â€Å"The Mafia†, â€Å"Scarface†, and â€Å"Cartels†. Organized crime can be defined in a variety of ways. It is an ongoing criminal enterprise that is wisely working to generate profit engaging in illegal activities depending on demand, where its presence is preserve through force, intimidations, and corruption. According to the FBI, organized crime is basically a group of transnational, national, or local alliances of highly centralized enterprises runRead MoreOrganized Crime1084 Words   |  5 PagesOrganized crime can be a numbe r of different types of things. According to Lyman Potter, (2007), â€Å"The NCIS describes organized crime as having four salient attributes: An organized crime group contains at least three people; The criminal activity the group engages in is ongoing and indefinite in duration; The group is motivated by a desire for profit or power; and, The group commits serious criminal offenses†(p.15). The group we chose is the American Mafia families of New York City. This mafia familyRead MoreThe Fight Organized Crime Regime1692 Words   |  7 Pagescentury, organized crime has grown in complexity. With this new era, law enforcement has been made to change and improve the ways in which they try and fight organized crime. With the use of technology, the new organized crime regime have used technology to its advantage and are seen as a very real threat to US law enforcement. Most members of law enforcement, anti-mafia NGOs and academic and journalistic analysts insist upon the fact that from the mid-1990’s on up, the anti-mafia fight dramaticallyRead MoreThe Movie Departed Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesmy essay I will talk about the crime that is being taken place in the movie, Merton theory on Anomie, Strain, and the Social, Cultural, Economic source of organized crime. I believe these theories define the characters personality in the movie. The movie â€Å" The Departed† is a movie about Two Boston State police Officers that both share different opinions about the law. The two are Undercover in the State Police, the one happens to be working with the Irish Mafia (Matt Damon) and the other happensRead MoreThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy1076 Words   |  4 Pagesone of the most beloved presidents of our time. It was November 22, 1963 when JFK was assassinated. Unlike previous presidential assassinations, the JFK assassination is the most conspiracies of all time. The theories are the Government cover up, Mafia influence and Cuban President Fidel Castro. Imagine one person can do all this planning which Lee Harvey Oswald. There is no way that one man can do all this. Even though there are crazy theories that are out of this world, there are a number of logicalRead MoreThe Godfather the Movie Essay532 Words   |  3 PagesMovie THE GODFATHER, made in 1974, details the Corleone crime family in Manhattan during the mid 1930s. The Don, Vito Corleone, played by Marlon Brando, leads his organization against a relentless narcotics push by a rival family, the Sollozzos. Vito Caleone does not want anything to do with drugs because he believes they will be the downfall of the Mafia. The story, covering a ten year time period, offers a rich tapestry of Mafia life from the inside, drawing the audience into witnessingRead MoreDonnie Brasco1370 Words   |  6 Pagesof New York Citys five families in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Joseph D. Pistone served in the FBI for 28 years, including six years of undercover life in the New York Bonanno crime family, where he operated as a jewel thief under the name Donnie Brasco. Due to his undercover work, more than 200 members of the Mafia were put behind bars. Joseph D. Pistone was born in Pennsylvania, where he also spent his childhood. Then, he moved to New Jersey. In New Jersey, he graduated from high school andRead MoreControlling Organized Crime1200 Words   |  5 PagesControlling Organize Crime Paper Louis Pierre CJA/384 May 6, 2013 University of phoenix Professor: Glen Winters Controlling Organize Crime Paper Organize crime is a conspiratorial activity involving the coordination of numerous people in the planning and execution of illegal acts or in the pursuit of a legitimate objective by unlawful means, for example, threatening a legitimate business to get stake in it. However, organize crime involves continuous commitment by primary members, althoughRead MoreSecurity Threat Groups And Prison Gangs1665 Words   |  7 PagesSecurity threat groups and prison gangs are responsible for a lot of the crimes that occur in prison. Well-organized and highly structured prison gangs who have leaders and influences have been around decades. Gangs in prison can be described as groups whose activities pose a real threat to the safety of the institutional staff and other inmates and also to security of the correctional institution (Beth, 1991). These gangs always have strong leaders and use that leadership role to their advantageRead MoreEssay The Prohibition of the 1920s702 Words   |  3 PagesDur ing the 1920’s there was an experiment in the U.S. â€Å"The Prohibition†, this experiment, made by the government, was written as the 18th amendment. The prohibition led to the bootlegging, increase in crimes, and gang wars. The experiment consisted in all importing, exporting, transporting, and selling liquor was put to an end. Prohibition had been tried from a lot of time as temperance movements, the movements that tried to stop the alcohol consumption started in the latest 1700’s

Abortion Persuasive Speech Free Essays

Introduction Abortion is one of the most debatable and controversial issues that exist today in our society. There are people who support the idea that it should be a choice of each and every woman – whether to do it or not, while others claim that no one has a power to decide, whether to bring life on the planet, or put an end to it. (writings) I believe that there is no other option than to choose life. We will write a custom essay sample on Abortion Persuasive Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. ) In my opinion many women are very unaware of how fast a baby develops. A. ) At three weeks the heart begins to beat with the child’s own blood and the backbone spinal column and nervous system are forming. Also liver, kidneys and intestines begin to take shape. B. ) By week five eyes, legs, and hands begin to develop. C. ) By eight week the baby can begin to hear and every organ is in place, bones begin to replace cartilage, and fingerprints begin to form. D. ) At week twelve the baby has all of the parts necessary to experience pain, including nerves, spinal cord, and thalamus. Vocal cords are complete and the baby can suck its thumb. E. ) By twenty weeks the baby recognizes its’ mothers voice and you can tell the sex. (Development) 2. Most women facing an unplanned pregnancy who opt for an abortion do so early on; just over 61% take place in the first 8 weeks of pregnancy, and 88% occur in the first trimester, before the 13th week of pregnancy. Only 10% of abortions occur in the second trimester, between the 13th and 20th weeks of pregnancy. (Lowen) A. ) There are two different types of abortions: Surgical abortions and Medical Abortions. a. As the name suggests, medical abort ions do not involve surgery or other invasive methods but rely on medications to end pregnancy. Lowen) i. A medical abortion involves taking the drug mifepristone; often called ‘the abortion pill,’ its generic name is RU-486 and its brand name is Mifeprex. Mifepristone is not available over the counter and must be provided by a health care professional. A woman seeking a medical abortion can obtain one through a doctor’s office or clinic and should expect two or more visits to complete the process, as another drug, misoprostol, must be taken to terminate the pregnancy. (Lowen) b. All surgical abortions are medical procedures that must be done in a health care provider’s office or clinic. There are several different surgical abortion options. ii. Aspiration is an abortion procedure that can be performed on a woman up to 16 weeks after her last period. Aspiration, also known as vacuum aspiration, suction aspiration or DA (dilation and aspiration), involves the insertion of a tube through the dilated cervix into the uterus. Gentle suction removes fetal tissue and empties the uterus. iii. In some circumstances, a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette is used to scrape the uterine lining to remove any remaining tissue. This procedure is called a DC (dilation and curettage. ) iv. Dilation and evacuation (DE) is typically performed during the second trimester (between the 13th and 24th week of pregnancy. ) Similar to a DC, a DE involves other instruments (such as forceps) along with suction to empty the uterus. In later second-trimester abortions, a shot administered through the abdomen may be necessary to ensure fetal demise before the DE begins. Lowen) Conclusion All in all I believe that medical and/or surgical abortions should be illegal. I don’t believe anything can justify an abortion, because you are intentionally ending a human life. Works Cited Development, Fetal. http://www. nrlc. org/abortion/facts/fetaldevelopment. html. n. d. Lowen, Linda. http://womensissues. about. com/od/reproductiverights/a/AbortionTypes. htm. n. d. writings, Paper. http://www. paperwritings. com/free-examples/persuasive-speech-on-abortion. html. n. d. How to cite Abortion Persuasive Speech, Essays

Advanced Organisational Behaviour Productive Business

Question: Describe about the Advanced Organisational Behaviour for Productive Business. Answer: 1: As per the given case study, the manager of synergis had announced of a merger between Synergis and Abacus. By the merging activity of the company the transaction-taking place, the ownership of the companies and the operating units are transferred or combined with the other company. The merger is a part of the strategic management that allows the companies to expand, alter or bring out innovation in the nature of the business and enhance the competitive position of the companies. Elliot West, the owner of Abacus decided to create an alliance with the productive firm for which it found Synergies appropriate. However, Elliot being an uneducated entrepreneur depended on the management team for the decision-making and other activities in the organisation. With the decision of merging, Elliot seemed to face certain problems regarding the effect on the employees. As Synergis was not enough centralised and the employees of Abacus had given abundant power to its employees, the company was in the risk of facing problems related to gaining control on the merged entity. In order to deal with the problem, the management team of Abacus developed a containment plan that they planned to implement after the accomplishing of the merging (McLennan, 2013). The containment plan development is the process that Abacus tries to follow in order to identify the internal and external problems faced by the company. In the meeting with Alan and Bill, when Elliot knew about the false information that Nick had been providing to him, he decided to plan another alternative containment plan. Elliot remained silent about the secret containment plan from Nick and on the other hand, he kept planning about implementing the containment plan with Nick. At the correct moment, Elliot used the strategy to disclose to Nick that the new CEO of the company would be Allan. Thus with the effective strategy, Elliot was able to take up an appropriate step towards freeing himself and the company from the influence of Nick. 2: In the case study, Abacus seemed to use more tactics and strategies than Synergies before the merging of both the companies. On the very beginning, when the companies decided to merge the business with each other, Nick mentioned to Elliot that the company needs to design certain strategies that will help them to achieve successful control over the merging of the firms. Thus based on the advice of Nick, Elliot accepted to plan a containment plan that would be implemented after the merging of the business. However, on the other hand Alan and Bill were concerned about the implementation of the containment plan by Abacus. Synergis were concerned as the implementation of containment plan by the managers of Abacus would result in the decrease in the power of Bill. The containment plan of Abacus intended to replace the senior staff of Synergies by the middle managers of Abacus. This would benefit Abacus, as the cost of merging for the company would be reduced. Therefore, Abacus decided to implement the containment strategy plan after the merging of the companies in order to gain competitive advantage over Synergis. After hearing the implementation plan, Bill and Alan met with Elliot to enquire and discuss about the plan. In the meeting, Elliot further became aware that Nick had been planning strategies against Elliot to claim the higher position of CEO in the company. In order to save the company from the negative influence of Nick, Elliot took on foot decision to combine with the owners and managers of Synergis in order to plan an alternative containment plan (Goethals et al., 2013). From the detailed study of the case, it can be opined that the strategy used by Elliot had been more successful. He had been able to achieve the appropriate outcome for the merging of the companies. Keeping the alternative plan secret from Nick minimised the risk, as Nick was incapable of planning other strategy to reach his objectives. 3: The company uses both legitimate and illegitimate political behaviour within the workplace. By legitimate political behaviour in the organisation, it refers to the daily politics that takes place within the company. On the other hand, the illegitimate political behaviour is the power and leadership within the organisation. In case of this situation both, the legitimate and illegitimate political behaviour has been simultaneously used in the companies. In Abacus there has been presence of legitimate political behaviour as Nick, the managing manager of had been providing false information to Elliot, the owner of the company. Since, Elliot was not well educated, he completely relied on Nick. Taking the opportunity, Nick tried to carry out politics that could help him to achieve the higher position in the organisation. Although, Nick recommended Elliot to develop a containment plan for the time after the merging so that the an effective control can be achieved, he was successful in convincing the staffs of Abacus that he has been the driving force of the company and had more importance than Elliot (Lasswell, 2013). Thus, this can be considered as one of the legitimate political behaviour in the organisation. The leaders of Synergis of cooperative with each other they try to consult each other before making any organisational decisions (Frohlich Oppenheimer, 2015). As per the case study, Bill tried to understand the issues faced by Al an because of the merging decision with Abacus. Both the companies discussed in the case study are different from each other in context of political behaviour. As in Abacus politics play a significant role that influence the outcomes of the organisation, there is legitimacy political behaviour identified in the organisation (Dowse, 2013). Synergis on the other side perform open and widespread politics. A number of factors are present in the organisation that influences the political behaviour of both the organisation. Factors such as individual factors, organisational factors add to the presence of political behaviour (Ainsworth, 2014). Thus, after the merging of the company it can be stated that that Synabis will be having both legitimate and illegitimate political behaviour in the company simultaneously. 4: Alan implements the democratic leadership style in Synergis that helps the company to achieve the organisational goals. The democratic leadership is also known as the participative leadership that allows the employees and other members of the organisation to participate in the organisational activities and the decision-making of the company (Beck Cowan, 2014) Alan has been able to gain popularity and respect within the organisation, as he has been a passionate believer in making clear and transparent communication with the employee and the management. Alan further implements up-front management style. This management style makes Alan easily approachable to the employees (Gold et al., 2013). The employees are satisfied with the management as they are sure that whatever the decision be, Alan would stand beside them. Further, the leadership style used by Alan helps the employees to participate in the decision-making. Alan is therefore able to increase the effectiveness of the decision-making process with the help of the democratic leadership. The employee satisfaction level is also enhanced, as the employees are able to effectively participate in delivering high organisational performance (Chhokar, Brodbeck House, 2013). The capabilities, skills and knowledge of the employees are utilised to the maximum level. Alan uses the leadership style to identify the individual capabilities of the employees. Among the several leadership theories, the most effective theory that could be applied to Alan is the contingency theory. The contingency theory in the organisation claims that there is no specific best way for the company in order to lead the organisation. The effectiveness of the leaders depends upon the particular situation faced by the leaders (Daft, 2014). This gives rise to two factors such as the leadership style and situational favourableness. Moreover, two leadership styles can be outlined from the contingency theory namely task-motivated and relationship-motivated leadership. With the implementation of the contingency model in the organisation, Alan would be able to achieve a number of advantages such as choosing the appropriate and effective leaders for the organisation who will be able to guide the employees in the right direction. Alan will further be able to use the model as a tool to build up groups by altering the variables present in the organisation. A wealth of mat erials is present with the leader while implementing the contingency theory (Dooley, 2014). Nevertheless, if Alan uses the contingency model of leadership in the organisation, the model will allow ballpark results that are flexible in nature. The flexibility allows the leaders to achieve a wide range of effective relationship between the management and the employees. Merging of the companies require effective leadership as the leaders need to manage the perception of the employees of both the companies. Therefore, the contingency theory is effective in helping the managers and Alan to manage the new organisation, Synabis. References Ainsworth, J. (2014). Organisational Behaviour Theories and Their Relevance to the practice of Stage Management in a Theatrical Setting, a Discussion. Beck, D. E., Cowan, C. (2014).Spiral dynamics: Mastering values, leadership and change. John Wiley Sons. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Daft, R. L. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Dooley, K. (2014). Organisational Behaviour: Business Models for a Profitable and Sustainable Future.Journal of Social Sciences (COESRJ-JSS),3(1), 247-257. Dowse, R. E. (2013). Political Behaviour: Parties, Groups and Elections.Political Science (Routledge Library Editions: Political Science Volume 14): An Outline For The Intending Student of Government, Politics and Political Science,14, 126. Frohlich, N., Oppenheimer, J. A. (2015).Political leadership and collective goods. Princeton University Press. Goethals, G., Allison, S., Kramer, R., Messick, D. (Eds.). (2014).Conceptions of leadership: Enduring ideas and emerging insights. Springer. Gold, J., Holden, R., Iles, P., Stewart, J., Beardwell, J. (Eds.). (2013).Human resource development: Theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Lasswell, H. D. (2013).The analysis of political behaviour(Vol. 2). Routledge. McLennan, R. (2013).Cases in organisational behaviour. Routledge.

How Far Did Improvements During the Renaissance free essay sample

How far did improvements during the renaissance make people’s life was better There were a lot of improvements that the renaissance has made to make people’s life be much better. For me, the most important ones were first the medical, technology and last but not least the inventions, which I am going to go through it below. The Renaissance was a great period of intellectual growth and artistic development in Europe. As part of that scientists and thinkers began to shake loose from the traditional views that governed medicine in both the east and the west. The focus of treatments was no longer a divinely ordained natural balance. Knowledge advanced through the scientific method—conducting experiments, collecting observations, reaching conclusions. Information was disseminated by means of an important new technology—printing. The roots of scientific medicine were set. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius (1514-64), a professor at the University of Padua, published an exquisitely illustrated anatomy text. We will write a custom essay sample on How Far Did Improvements During the Renaissance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With knowledge based on extensive dissection of human cadavers, he presented the first largely accurate description of the human body. Later anatomists at Padua included Gabriele Falloppio (1523-62), who described the female reproductive organs, giving his name to the Fallopian tubes, and Girolamo Fabrizio (1537-1619), who identified the valves of the heart. There were so many important technological advances in the Renaissance. I would argue that one of the most important of these advances was the printing press. The printing press was so important because it made printed materials much cheaper and more widely available than they ever had been before. This allowed more people to become educated and it allowed ideas to spread rapidly. This facilitated such huge social changes as the Protestant Reformation. People across Europe were able to read religious arguments and think about them for themselves. This led to a fundamental change in society. Another important technological advance during the Renaissance (although it is nothing compared to the printing press) is the development of astrophysics  through the writings of Copernicus and Galileo. The heliocentric theory had dominated the theological and scientific thought for centuries before it was put to the test. As a result of the observations conducted in heavenly bodies, more adjustments and better changes came to objects such as the screwdriver and the telescope just to mention a small example. Yet, those little changes make up for a huge effect in civilization. There were a lot of amazing inventions in the renaissance. Do you know when was the clock beside you invented from? Indeed, it was invented in the renaissance. And also a lot of things that you use everyday were invented in the renaissance. The mechanical clock was invented in the beginning of 13th century. It would be appropriate to say that the development in technology of mechanical clock took place gradually. The earliest design of mechanical clock incorporated a drum containing mercury and which was driven by weights. The drums used in these mechanical clocks had compartments filled with mercury. The mercury passed through holes present in the compartments and thereby controlled the rate at which drum movement took place. Measurement of daytime in a 24 hour cycle became possible after the invention of this clock. Salvino DArmato degli Armati from Italy is credited with making wearable eyeglasses in 1284. It was not until 15th century that glasses for conditions like hyperopia, myopia and presbyopia were made. Roger Bacon is said to have used reading glasses in the year 1268 AD. It is however, not clearly known whether he used reading stones or proper lenses fitted in frames. Hans Janssen developed the first compound microscope in 1509. The fact that placing one glass behind other increases their magnifying power lead to the development of compound microscope. Earliest forms of microscopes offered 20-30 times greater magnification of objects. The compass was first used by a Chinese voyager Zheng He (1371-1435). He is known to have undertaken seven ocean voyages in the period between 1405 and 1433 AD. The Europeans came to known about the compass later on. The first flush toilet was made in 1596 by John Harrington. It was only after two hundred years after this invention that the flush toilet was reinvented by Alexander Cummings. Other than these amazing inventions there are still many of them can be told. All in all, the medical, technology and inventions have definitely made people’s life easier and better. Without them we will probably not have everything in front of us now.

Showcase Cinemas Summer Reading Program for Kids

Showcase Cinemas Summer Reading Program for Kids The Showcase Cinemas summer reading program (formerly National Amusements) gives kids free movie tickets to see a free summer movie each week for each book they read and fill out a book report over. The Showcase Cinemas summer reading program for 2018 is called Bookworm Wednesdays. Looking for more summer reading programs that will score your kids some freebies? Check out my list of the best summer reading program freebies. How to See Free Movies From the Showcase Cinemas Summer Reading Program Visit Showcase Cinemas Bookworm Wednesdays and click on Download the Book Report to open a PDF file of the book report form. Print out the book report and fill out the title of the book you read, the author, a description of the book, and the childs name. Bring the completed book report into a participating Showcase Cinemas movie theater each Wednesday from July 11, 2018, to August 1, 2018, for the 9:00 or 10:00 a.m. movie to get free admission. Free Movies Available From the Showcase Cinemas Summer Reading Program The Showcase Cinemas summer reading program gives out free movie tickets to a select kids movies that play every Wednesday morning at 9:00 or 10:00 a.m. (depending on your theater location) beginning on July 11 until August 1. This means that your kid can see 4 free movies this summer! Heres the schedule for the free Showcase Cinemas kids movies: July 11: FerdinandJuly 18: TrollsJuly 25: Kung Fu Panda 3August 1: Captain Underpants Limits to Be Aware Of The Showcase Cinemas summer reading program is available only at participating Showcase Cinemas locations. Parents who take their kid for the free movie get free admission as do children 6 years and younger without submitting a book report.

Do you think there are groups of people whose potential contributions Essay

Do you think there are groups of people whose potential contributions have not yet been fully realized or appreciated What is s - Essay Example The reason that people from Cambodia today are in the third tier of the hierarchy in the United States is because they did not have many reasons to immigrate away from their home until 1975 when the Khmer Rouge gained political power and embarked to commit genocide as a means of controlling the people, almost all of whom experienced near death due to starvation, and many who today are still suffering from the effects of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (Davis). While many young people in the United States are not aware of the attempted genocide under the leadership of Pol Pot less than two decades before our birth, I feel that the small Cambodian population in the United States needs to be celebrated, elevated, and recognized for their incredible achievements not only in their ability to survive such horror, but also in their fortitude to succeed in the United States as many are today as small business owners who work long hours to ensure that their children have a better future. I pri marily worked to understand the past of our neighbors from the East and then accepted them as my equal.

Economics Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Economics Assessment - Assignment Example For the purpose of this study we have used a product as a guinea pig. In order to understand the impact of the product in its related market and the impact of the market on the product, we have carried out further analysis using the established theories of economics about the future viability of the product. Here for the sake of this analysis we have used the potato chips product manufactured by the Coca Cola Company called LAYS. (Lipsey and Chrystal, 2002) The price elasticity of demand is defined as the magnitude of the proportionate change in demand and the proportionate change in price of the product. Therefore, elasticity is the measure of responsiveness. Price elasticity of demand is a very important concept that is related to the pricing decisions of a product. If an organization wants to generate the maximum amount of revenue from its products and it is unable to determine how much increase in the price can be made by them so that the overall demand of the product does not reduce. This decision is taken on the basis of the analysis of price elasticity of demand. The price elasticity of demand can be described as the rate of response of quantity demanded due to a price change. This means that if a unit change in the price of the produc

Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks

Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks A Disaster-Resilient Modern Cellular Network: Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks, Device-to-Device Communication enabled LTE-Advanced Abstract The goal of modern communication networks is to keep every corner of the world connected at all times. This goal is of utmost importance especially during a disaster. Todays mobile communication networks fail to showcase fast disaster resilience due to the lack of a distributed communication architecture that would work even if a part of the network fails. With current technological advancements, this resilience can be achieved by creating an overlay of various techniques. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) and Internet of Things (IoT) play significant roles in the next generation 5G networks. Having this in mind, this paper discusses how Self Organizing Networks (SON) when applied to HetNet, and a distributed Device-to-Device (D2D) communication enabled architecture when applied to Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A), can strengthen the disaster resilience of a modern cellular network. Self-configuring, self-optimizing and self-healing heterogeneous small cell networks reduce the nee d for human intervention and ensure reliable communication during calamities. A D2D type communication is important because in most cases, physical damage to operators network elements is the cause for network failure. Hence there is a need to be able to communicate emergency messages without total dependency on a carriers network. The means of achieving these two goals will be addressed in this paper. I. Introduction The earliest forms of communications were intended to send emergency messages during wars. While communication technology has evolved from sending pigeons to next generation 5G, the industry has not been able to ensure perfectly reliable communication for disaster-struck regions with the unaffected areas during times of emergency. The existing methods for emergencies such as the earthquake and tsunami warning system (ETWS), Public Safety Networks, only serve the purpose of communicating broadcast messages to public and information sharing among officials. However it is important to also have a reliable communication means between victims in affected areas and the outside world. In 2011, around 29,000 eNBs were damaged during the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, which caused network outage and affected communication of safety messages and emergency requests [12]. Problems in wireless networks during disaster scenarios include increase in traffic beyond the networks capacity, physical damage of network components including backhaul, unnecessary handovers due to improper neighbor list and limited availability of human resources [1]. The methods discussed in the paper will address these problems. A Heterogeneous Small Cell Network (HSCN) is one in which there is an umbrella created by the macro cell and small cells are deployed within the region to help fix coverage gaps and capacity needs [14]. The co-ordination of different cells within the same region without interfering is the challenging part of an HSCN. D2D communication is one in which the User Equipment (UEs) can exchange information directly. This paper will start by discussing the architecture of a SON-enabled Disaster Resilient HSCN (DRHSCN). We will discuss how self-configuration of power, automatic neighbor relation (ANR), Physical Cell Identity (PCI), self-optimization of coverage, capacity, mobility robustness and self-healing capabilities help in achieving minimal human intervention during disasters [1]. The next section of the paper will discuss how a multihop D2D communication system realized through smartphones relay can help in disaster resilience [3]. We will then discuss how the current LTE architecture can be made distributed in order to minimize the dependency between User Equipment (UE) and the core network [2]. We will discuss how D2D communication can help in this regard and increase the disaster resilience of an LTE-A network [2]. II. Utilizing SON in DRHSCN The primary purpose for using SON in Disaster Resilient Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks (DRHSCN) is to reduce the operational expenditure (OPEX) and human intervention. The DRHSCN architecture as shown in Figure 1 [1] consists of a macro cell and several small cells (femto cells) within the macro cell. Satellite link provides the backhaul. The SON entity of the network is present on the base station side. The Heterogeneous evolved Node B (HeNB) serves the femto user equipment (FUE) while the macro base station serves the macro user equipment (MUE). Figure 1. Architecture of DRHSCN [1] During disasters, there will need for deployment of new nodes such as cellular on wheels (CoW), adaptation of the existing nodes to the changes, and healing of the nodes that were damaged physically. Self-configuration means a newly added node during a disaster scenario automatically selects the network parameters and schemes such as physical cell ID (PCI), power configurations, neighbor lists and other basic settings needed for proper operation [4]. The newly added nodes are configured into the network and then the existing nodes involve in self-optimizing as a reaction to the environmental changes caused by the disaster. Self-optimization means automatically changing the radio resource management parameters such as power parameters (pilot, control and data), tilt, azimuths, handover management parameters, and others needed to optimize the performance of the network [4]. Self-Configuring new nodes We will discuss the methods for self-configuring the transmit power, physical cell ID and Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) in DRHSCN. Let us assume a new HeNB is entering the network and its boundary ends where the path loss is 2 dB from the HeNB. When it powers on, the HeNB will receive Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurements of the macro eNB as well as other HeNBs in the vicinity. Based on this self-discovery, the HeNB will configure a suitable transmit power to mitigate the co-channel interference with the macro or other small cells [1]. A FUE will be covered by the HeNB if Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) from the HeNB is above 3dB. An MUE will be served by the macro eNB if SINR from macro eNB is above 1dB. Based on these assumptions, the self-configuration will make sure that for FUE outside the 2dB boundary, SINR is below 3dB. For MUE outside the 2dB boundary, SINR is above 1dB. This way the HeNB cannot affect the MUE outside its boundary [1]. Figure 2. (a) Self-configuration of PCI [1] (b) Self-configuration of ANR [1] A physical cell ID needs to be unique for each cell in its operating area in order to avoid collision and confusion. Since the primary and secondary synchronization signals (PSS, SSS) are based on the PCI, any collision would result in synchronization problems. There are only 504 possible PCIs [4]. Hence in a dense deployment of heterogeneous networks, it is difficult to guarantee uniqueness. Instead of manually configuring PCI during network planning or randomly selecting a PCI, an automatic PCI selection algorithm [1] as shown in Figure 2a [1] would result in lesser collisions and confusions in a disaster scenario. The HeNB first detects neighbors in its vicinity and composes a deny list. It then requests a reserved list from the SON-enabled OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) system. Based on these, an available PCI is selected and confirmed with the OAM. It is a periodic procedure and the HeNB reselects its PCI based on the neighbor PCIs seen in UE measurement repor ts. In order to ensure handovers are managed properly in the absence of human resource during disasters, an Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) feature should be added. This enables the self-configuration of the Neighbor Relation Table (NRT) and deletion of unnecessary neighbor relations (NR). The algorithm is shown in Figure 2b [1] and is very similar to the PCI selection algorithm. Instead of a PCI list, a neighbor list is composed. The neighbor PCI and Cell Global Identity (CGI) are obtained from the UE measurement reports. ANR reduces the need for handover selection from a long neighbor list by removing unnecessary NR periodically. [1] Self-Optimizing existing nodes Self-optimization in the existing HeNB in DRHSCN is achieved in two ways Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) and Coverage Optimization. In a heterogeneous network, the occurrence of unnecessary handovers due to complex mobility patterns and cell boundaries, results in large consumption of resources which cannot be afforded especially in a disaster scenario. The purpose of self-optimizing handover (HO) parameters is to detect such unnecessary handovers and to avoid them while not compromising on handover failure rate. A Mobility Robustness Optimization algorithm is proposed for a DRHSCN [1]. A cost function is first calculated as a weighted sum of five types of handovers [5]. These include ping-pong handover which return the HO back to the serving cell, early handover when Radio Link Failure (RLF) occurs since the HO was executed earlier than required, late handover when the HO is processed too late which results in RLF, continuing handover when the HO after execution is immediately is handed over to another cell which is not the serving cell, wrong handover when the HO was made to the wrong cell resulting in RLF [6]. In order to optimize the handover process, each HeNB has a timer which starts when handover complete message is received from UE. This timer stops as soon as an RLF occurs or is reported by other eNBs/HeNBs. From the UE status after RLF the HeNB will be able to recognize if it was a late, early or wrong handover, or call drop. Based on the performance metrics collected by a single eNB/HeNB, the parameters are optimized [1]. As shown in Figure 3 [1], the optimized parameters are calculated based on the cost function. This calculation is repeated iteratively after detecting unnecessary, too late, too early and wrong handovers, and fixing the weights of the cost function accordingly. The SON-enabled OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) system collects the performance reports. The RLF and unnecessary HO are reduced significantly by the optimization algorithm which will help in efficient handovers during disasters when the HeNB are randomly deployed [1]. Figure 3. Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) [1] Coverage optimization is done by adaptively choosing the cell boundary. This is important in a disaster scenario because fast random deployments of small cells do not take into account the interference caused by the small cells with macro cells which will reduce the performance of the DRHSCN. In the self-configuration phase, we created fixed boundaries based on RSRP measurements of eNB and other HeNBs. This boundary is not realistic since we will deploy small cells indoor such as in buildings. The RSRP measurements of the FUE during the self-optimization phase will help in determining a realistic coverage radius. Large changes in RSRP is observed when the FUE enters or leaves a building due to penetration loss associated with walls. The algorithm given in Figure 4 [1] shows how after self-configuration, either an adaptive or fixed boundary is chosen based on whether a house boundary was got from the decision module. This process is iteratively applied and an optimal boundary is chose n. The performance analysis of the power self-configuration and coverage self-optimization algorithm together shows better macro and small cell coverage. It helps provide better coverage and manage capacity efficiently [1]. Figure 4. Coverage and Capacity Optimization [1] Self-Healing triggered by failed nodes Self-healing is the process of handling the coverage gaps or capacity overloads resulting from the failure due to physical damage of a base station (either macro or small cell) during disasters [1].ÂÂ   Self-healing consists of automatic fault detection, fault classification and cell compensation schemes [7]. Figure 5 [7] shows the flow chart of a self-healing process. Fault classification into degraded (sub-optimal operation), crippled (major faults causing low SINR) or catatonic cells (complete outage) can be done using Bayesian systems to determine type of fault with certain probability [9]. Learning algorithms are important to make the detection more intelligent by having a log of faulty alarm detections. The Trigger Conditions of Self-Healing (TCoSH) satisfy when anomalies occur for a particular duration and cause sufficient performance degradation. The logical steps for self-healing are provided by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in [8]. The compensation scheme s, depending on type of fault, might involve automatic reconfigurations which would direct the neighbors to up tilt antennae, increase power, or enable relay-assisted handover [10]. It is critical to continue monitoring the faulty base station through X2 interface to check if it has recovered, so that neighbors can return to their optimal configurations. Much research is needed in self-healing in terms of the various learning, classification, and compensation algorithms before it can be deployed practically [7]. Figure 5. Self-Healing Process [7] III. D2D communication during disasters In the previous section, we discussed how a SON-enabled DRHSCN implementation can help operate a 4G network reliably and efficiently during disasters. However, we need to note that the dependence on cellular operators networks is high in a DRHSCN. During a disaster, the physical damages caused to the operator network in a significantly large area, are difficult to be handled using self-healing alone. Hence there is a need for a decentralized network architecture as an overlay over DRHSCN that will ensure reliable communication of emergency messages. Figure 6. D2D communication during disasters [3] Access and Network technologies in D2D communication In this sub-section we will discuss a multi-hop D2D communication realized using relay by smartphones [3]. As a minimum requirement, unacknowledged, best effort delivery of small packets of messages such as text, voice should be possible. The types of messages may be emergency communication between affected areas and outside world, broadcast messages to the affected areas, local information sharing within refugee areas, etc. as shown in Figure 6 [3]. The interconnection of the D2D network with the outside world can also be achieved through Satellite, unmanned aircraft system (UAS), etc. [3]. The various technologies that can be used in multihop D2D communication as shown in Figure 7 [3] will be discussed next. Figure 7. Technologies in D2D communication [3] The wireless access technologies need not be limited to one. Multiple technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, LTE-A, WiGig (Wireless Gigabit) can be used based on the environment, data needs, physical distance, spectrum availability. The developments in mobile equipment technologies such as battery technology, antenna design techniques enable the use of various wireless interfaces on a single mobile terminal [3]. Bluetooth, WiFi and Zigbee are used currently. While WiGig has the advantage of being de-centralized and having high speeds (up to 7 Gbps for 60 GHz bandwidth), it is a short range technology (10m). LTE-A has the advantage of having a good channel quality and lesser interference due to a base station acting as controller. To overcome the disadvantage of dependence on operator network during disasters, we will discuss a decentralized D2D communication architecture for LTE-A in the next sub-section. The networking (routing) technologies used in smartphone relay cannot be fixed, like in other multihop communications due to the unpredictable mobility of the terminals. Hence each device selects its own routing method based on its situation. Hence integrating various routing technologies is inevitable. For a stable dense mesh network such as WiFi ad hoc, which is are almost immobile, mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) type routing is preferred. MANET sends a message via an established path from source to destination. Delay/disruption-tolerant networks (DTN) is suitable for both single and mutihop communication since it is a network layer technology [3]. For wireless access technologies that work on a single hop such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, DTN-type routing has to perform multihop through various single hops. Since the best type of routing depends on the scenario, implementing a fusion of the two routing types would be the most efficient. Interconnection of the multihop D2D communication system with external networks such as satellite, movable and deployable resource units (MDRU) [11], unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is possible. Longer distance communication with areas not affected by the distance is possible through such interconnection. The gateway between the D2D system and outside networks filters out redundant messages received from DTN type routing which tends to send duplicates [3]. The gateway should advertise its presence so that the terminals can direct their messages to it. For certain applications, it is important to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Hence a security functionalities are added. In order to ensure that all types of smartphones can participate in the D2D communication, all operating systems (Android, iOS, Windows, etc.) should be compatible. In order to ensure independency from cloud services, it is suggested that the terminals have a mutihop D2D mode for emergency purpose s. In [3], a prototype based on fusion of MANET and DTN routing technologies was developed and its performance was tested to be good. D2D communication enabled decentralized LTE-A architecture The dependencies between the UE, eNB and Evolved Packet Core (EPC) reduce the resilience and flexibility of a 4G network. We will discuss a D2D enabled LTE-A architecture that will reduce this dependency [2]. The EPC is an all-IP core network that performs the access control, authentication, etc. Failure of any entity within the EPC can cause a cascading effect and might take long time to fix. A novel software architecture, which virtualizes certain fundamental EPC services and resource management functions within the eNB to reduce the dependency between the eNB and EPC is proposed in [2]. A new component called Flexible Management Entity (FME) is suggested to be added to the architecture. The eNB along with the FME which includes the virtual EPC entity would now be called the Hybrid eNB (HYeNB). The detailed design and distributed protocols associated with the FME are discussed in [2]. Wired or wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11, 802.16, optical, satellite networks, etc. are used to maintain connection between HYeNB and physical EPC. While the above virtualization creates a distributed architecture between the eNB and the EPC, we will discuss about how the dependency between UE and the Radio Access Network (RAN) can be reduced in LTE-A by deploying D2D feature that was introduced in Release 12 of 3GPP [13]. The D2D communication is discovered, established and maintained without any interference from eNB or EPC. The uplink channels PUCCH, PUSCH and PRACH are used for the initialization and operation of the D2D protocol. A D2D communication can be set up within the UEs in the network when needed either using the D2D-Agent present inside the FME, or the UEs can establish the D2D communication independent of the HYeNB. When connection with eNB is lost for a Time of Interruption (ToI), a selected UE (b-UE) will take up the role of D2D-A. The b-UE will establish, manage and coordinate the D2D network. It is necessary to have ToI to avoid ping-pong effect. The multiple access scheme used by such a b-UE is Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) due to less interference and battery consumption [2]. Figure 8. Handshake messages when UE joins a D2D network [2] All UEs which lost connection with HYeNB for ToI is allowed to consider transmitting direct beacon frames (D-beacons). But before a UE transmits D-beacons, it will listen to the channel for at least two D-beacon time intervals (TD) (time between two beacons which can be any multiple of frame duration 10 ms) to see if any other UE is already the b-UE. If after two TD, no beacon was received, the UE becomes b-UE and starts broadcasting the D-beacons with information such as D2D network ID, identification of UEs in the network, etc. on the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH). PUCCH is also used by b-UE to reply to UE network association requests as shown in Figure 8 [2].ÂÂ   The network joining procedure is same as the four-way handshake that occurs during LTE random access. There are 64 Zadoff Chu preambles from which the UE who wishes to join chooses from to minimize contention. The contention resolution scenario involves the b-UE sending response based on the UE ID in the D2 D network. The UE which did not receive a response backs off. The random access operations are performed using the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). The response which is usually sent on Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) in traditional LTE, should be sent on PUCCH by the b-UE. Reserved slots in the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) are used for the third message (association request). PUSCH is also used for data and voice transmission. The resources reservation for data and voice takes place between peer UE and does not need b-UE involvement. [2] The UEs will continue search for synchronization signals and Master Information Block (MIB) on Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) to see is the HYeNB has been reconnected. Once reconnected, the resources allocated to the D2D network will be given up [2]. IV. Conclusion A SON-enabled DRHSCN and D2D communication enabled LTE-A are two technologies that will greatly increase the robustness and resilience of existing cellular networks as well as future 5G networks during disasters. The two methods can be implemented as an overlay by introducing D2D communication within a Heterogeneous network. The multihop smart phone relay using a multiple wireless access and a fusion of routing technology when applied to the D2D network, create another layer of resilience. These methods achieve the primary goal of making the network self-reliant and distributed so that communication can be established even when any part of the network is damaged by disaster. The future 5G architecture can be made disaster-resilient from the start if the proposed methods are taken into account even during standardization. By extending the proposed D2D protocol into Internet of Everything (IoE), we will be able to send emergency messages not only to humans but also to trains, cars, etc . to prevent major accidents. V. References H. Zhang, C. Jiang, R. Q. Hu, Y. Qian, Self-organization in disaster-resilient heterogeneous small cell networks, IEEE Network, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 116-121, 2016. K. Gomez, L. Goratti, T. Rasheed, L. Reynaud, Enabling Disaster-Resilient 4G Mobile Communication Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 66-73, Dec. 2014. H. Nishiyama, M. Ito, N. Kato, Relay-by-smartphone: Realizing multihop device-to-device communications, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 56-65, Apr. 2014. 3GPP, TSG E-UTRAN, Self-Configuring and Self-Optimizing Network (SON) Use Cases and Solutions, TR 36.902 V9.3.1, 2011. W. Zheng et al., Mobility Robustness Optimization in Self-Organizing LTE Femtocell Networks, EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. , vol. 1, pp. 1-10, 2013. H. Zhang et al., Mobility Robustness Optimization in Femtocell Networks Based on Ant Colony Algorithm, IEICE Trans. Commun. , vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 1455-58, 2012. O.G. Aliu, A. Imran, M.A. Imran, and B. Evans, A survey of self organisation in future cellular networks, IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 15, no. 1, pp.336-361, 2013. 3GPP, Telecommunications management; self-healing OAM; concepts and requirements, 3GPP TS 32.541 v1.6.1, Tech. Rep., 2010. R. M. Khanafer, B. Solana, J. Triola, R. Barco, L. Moltsen, Z. Altman, and P. Lazaro, Automated diagnosis for UMTS networks using bayesian network approach, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 2451-2461, 2008. M. Amirijoo, L. Jorguseski, T. Kurner, R. Litjens, M. Neuland, L. C. Schmelz, and U. Turke, Cell outage management in LTE networks, in Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Wireless Communication Systems ISWCS 2009, pp. 600-604, 2009. T. Sakano et al., Disaster-Resilient Networking: A New Vision Based on Movable and Deployable Resource Units, IEEE Network, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 40-46, 2013. ICT responses to the Great East Japan Earthquake, FUJINO, Masaru. Counselor for Communications Policy. Embassy of Japan, U.S. Telecom Assn. Boarding Room, 2011. 3GPP, Feasibility Study for Proximity Services (ProSe), TR 22.083, 2012. A. Ghosh, N. Mangalvedhe, R. Ratasuk, B. Mondal, M. Cudak, E. Visotsky, T.A. Thomas, J.G. Andrews, P. Xia, H.S. Jo, and H.S. Dhillon, Heterogeneous cellular networks: From theory to practice, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 50, no. 6, 2012.

Police Work and Stress Essay

Stress is part of every people’s life. No matter what profession one is practicing and whatever lifestyle an individual is accustomed to, stress is always involved. In particular, police officers embrace stress as part of their profession. The moment they decided to become a police officer, bearing with stress has become inevitable. For one, their main goal, to save people who are in danger and to protect them from harm, is stressful. In effect, they become exposed to danger themselves and face this reality as part of a police officer’s job. They are also not allowed to any kind of violation because they are the ones who impose it. When it comes to police work, stress is expected more than the regular or average jobs. It is given than this profession always put police officer’s life at risk. Stress comes from different sources and comes in various forms. There are direct and indirect factors that imply the involvement of stress in the police profession. It affects not only the life of the police officer but also the life of the people inside and outside the organization—their family, the organization, and their own life and personal identity. Occupational stress is derived from what rank a police officer holds in the organization. Police officers deal with every kind of violence and alarming assignments each day of their lives. However, since they pledged an oath to fulfill their duty to the best of their abilities, they are not thinking much about stress and focus on their service instead. There are times when police officers encounter personal troubles which have a negative implication on them. This time, it cannot be accepted as a normal part of their duty because it is already outside the profession. Dealing with family matter makes police officers lose their focus and fails to do their job properly. On the other hand, their family also experience stress because of the kind of job. Being in the said profession also requires police officers to be available at all times. The working schedule also causes them stress because of rotating shifts and unexpected call of duty. Aside from the aforementioned causes, this paper aims to delve into police-related stress, what causes it, what are the effects, and how it affects their obligations in the field of law enforcement. Defining Stress and Stressors Stress is a disorder that affects an individual’s motivation (Crane, 1996). It bring about pressure not only physically but also mentally. There are two types of stress according to Crane (1996) in his book entitled Psychology of Stress. The first stress type is known as distress. This type of stress is relentless which makes one not capable of adaptation (Crane, 1996). Distress can cause mental disorders, depression, and anxiety if not given proper resolution (Crane, 1996). Another type of stress is the eustress. This stress is accumulated through experiences that cause positive reaction. Unlike distress, this type of stress can improve the function of physical and psychological aspects of an individual through training and work (Crane, 1996). Stress occurs when one experiences pressure and demands which are not compatible to his/her ability to either physically or mentally deal with the situation (Leiter & Masslach, 1988). Conflicts, painful events, limitations, struggles, and lack of control are the common causes of stress (Leiter & Masslach, 1988). It affects the overall functioning of the individual, rendering him or her incapable of thinking and acting normally. It can also cause certain disorders including hypertension, ulcer, insomnia, anxiety attack, and many more. Stress deteriorates the individuals’ over-all health depending on how the person copes with it (Violanti, 1996). Hence, stress generally affects lives as it modifies the ability, mental functioning and behavior of individuals in fulfilling their roles, regardless of the kind of profession that they have (Violanti, 1996). Stressors pertain to the primary causes of stress. They could be an immediate superior, a family member, an event, or a profession (Shirom, 1989). Coping up with stress comes in two ways: reduction or avoidance. A person may either face the situation to put an end to the stress (reduction) or make some sort of escape to experience immediate relief (avoidance) (Shirom, 1989). Everyday, many stressors are faced by individuals that make or break them as a person. Absence of stress is impossible because everyday, new challenges and changes are experienced by everyone. The best way to deal with stress is by coping with it. Thus, it is always better to confront the situation rather than avoiding it (Shirom, 1989). Work Stress As individuals become adults and start working, they have to deal with professional accountability. Work is necessary to support every need and want in life. Most of the time spent by professionals is in their workplaces where they encounter work stress in different forms each day. Usually, stressful situations spring from pressures and demands in their job which are beyond their knowledge and capacity, or from fears and anxieties in accomplishing their tasks. Some of the professions which greatly involve stress due to the nature of job include a fireman, a doctor, and a police officer, among others (Lee & Ashforth, 1996). Stress can be positive and negative for the worker depending on the response of the individual him- or herself and the circumstances. A positive kind of stress usually makes the worker more motivated and focused in accomplishing their duties and responsibilities. On the other hand, negative stress may occur when there are unexpected events that can make them lose composure which, in effect, become detrimental to their performance (Lee & Ashforth, 1996). Police Stress Basically, police stress is the kind of stress experienced in the law enforcement community. This is brought about by direct and indirect factors that are incorporated the nature of the job and the organizational structure of the law enforcement community. As police officers are mainly responsible for protecting and serving the society and its people, they are required to be physically, emotionally, and psychologically prepared at all times because they are expected to be always available. In addition, they are expected to keep an active presence of mind and make sensible decisions especially during crucial situations such as criminal encounters and hostage takings. Because of these expectations, police officers experience stress twice of the stress endured by other professionals. The work environment of the law enforcement officers has a great impact on the employees and the employee’s level of work, including their work productivity and their general physical and emotional health (Kurke, 1995). There is a notion that a cyclic relationship persists between work and home life of police officers from which police stress develops (Kurke, 1995). Stressors in the police work not only affect the police officer but their family as well. It is likely that police stress negatively affects their relationship with others and their personal lives. For instance, most police officers experience marital problems because of the effects of the stressful events of their day which they unintentionally bring home with them. This gives rise to their involvement in various problematic domestic issues such as violence, alcoholism, substance abuse, and child neglect (Brief et. al, 1981). When police stress is rampant in the law enforcement community, it affects the performance of the police officers and at the same time, it puts everyone in the society at risk. Police stress is a social issue that should not be taken for granted because it affects these individuals who chose to pursue this highly important profession that constitutes the maintenance of peace of order of the society. Causes of Police Stress Many sources of police stress can be found inside the police organization. The job itself and the people within the law enforcement community cause police stress. The characteristic of the profession is considerably difficult to look at. Being a police officer requires dedication and commitment to put their lives at risk while they are on duty. They are also expected to comply with the given work schedule and special assignments. There are encounters which will cause trauma to police officers. Yet, they only receive poor compensation (Leiter & Maslach, 1988). There are also times when lack communication among administrators, poor supervision and inadequate training cause police officers to feel stressed. Another source of police stress comes from the officers themselves because they often doubt their capacity to perform a given task. There are also issues regarding favoritism and politics within the law enforcement community that discourages a police officer to carry out a given assignment (Leiter & Maslach, 1988). The following sections present the most common organizational stressors in the work of a police officer, along with other direct and indirect factors that cause police stress. Direct Factors Job Characteristics The profession itself causes stress to police officers. Fear and danger make police officers suffer from stress. They always need to set aside their doubts, gather their courage in every dangerous situation that they get into. Physical danger is always at hand because they should be ready to battle against unexpected criminals (Kurke, 1995). Adequacy and Control Perception of adequacy and control also causes police stress. The ability of a police officer to work on a job is based on his/her perception the skills that he/she possesses, and whether his/her skills are adequate to complete all the assigned task given to him/her, and. Hence, to meet the demands of the job, law enforcement officers should be well-driven. They should also have the necessary composure and confidence. When police officers doubt their capacity to serve, it definitely instigates stress (Axelbend & Vaile, 1979) Control is defined as the ability of police officers to govern on special assignments. This is because as police officers, they are expected to control every situation that they get into. When a police officer lacks the necessary control to carry out an assigned task because he/she is hindered or manipulated by others, it brings out stress and at the same time leaves the case unsolved (Tenerowicz, 1993) Role Ambiguity Role ambiguity also results in stress among police officers. This usually happens when they lack the necessary knowledge in fulfilling their roles and at the same time control the conditions of the work outcomes (Lee & Ashforth, 1996). When this occurs, police officers feel stressed as they are not yet prepared for the job. Role ambiguity is caused by a weak organizational structure and it hinders the police officer from performing his/her task. Most cases of role ambiguity is experienced by those who are in the administrative position because their functions are not clear to them. At the same time, they are not aware of up to what extent is their jurisdiction on their job (Shore, & Shore, 1995). This becomes a source of stress because it makes police officers doubtful of their capacity to serve. They tend to question themselves if they are able to perform well because they themselves are not aware of the position given to them. They are afraid of not being respected by their subordinates which gives them a feeling of insecurity. Work Schedule Police officers are expected to work based on a shifting schedule, rotating shifts, irregular days off, holiday work, unexpected overtime and involuntary overtime (Kurke, 1995). This kind of schedule apparently affects their work performance because they are not getting enough sleep and energy. It also causes their moods to change and develop negative feelings. In the end, police officers experience stress and end up with poor performance (Kurke, 1995). Special Assignments There are special tasks given to police officers which in turn are greatly prized (Kurke, 1995). However, certain assignments require more focus and demand greater pressure from the police officer. There are special assignments which are needed to be completed at a given time frame. As a result, police officers become stressed because they are expected to finish the said task as soon as possible. It also involves longer hours of training and longer working hours that separate them from their families. Because of depression and frustration when an assigned task is not completed accordingly, stress is developed (Kurke, 1995, p. 191). Role Conflict According to Kurk (1995), â€Å"many officers report difficulties related to the many demands inherent in law enforcement† (p. 191). Role conflict usually happens when police officers need to execute two roles with different conflicting demands or values. One example of this is when a police officer catches delinquent teens in the community only to discover that one of those caught is his/her son. This puts the police officer in a conflicting situation because he/she is faced with the demand of arresting the suspect but at the same time he/she needs to protect his/her son (Lee & Ashforth, 1996). Family of Police Officers Another cause of stress for police officers comes from their families. They always harbor feelings of fear and danger when they are out of their homes for duty. It develops stress to police officers because they are thinking of their families while they are on duty. This will make them lose focus and may end up not completing the assigned task. There are also instances when family occasions are set aside because of special assignments. This makes police officers more stressed because they develop sadness of not being able to participate in an important family occasion. When a family member gets sick, it is also hard for the police officers to concentrate on their jobs because they are preoccupied with family problems.

Role and Function of Law

The Role and Function of Law James Williams Law/421 January 7, 2012 Gail B. Jabber Role and Functions of Law According to Melvin (2011), â€Å"A generally accepted generic definition of the law is a body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority, and having legal binding force† (p. 4). The scope of modern law is broad with tentacles that reach into every area of public and private dealings. Essentially law furnishes a process by which the rulings and directives to regulate certain behaviors, disagreements, plus unlawful acts are available to individuals for use in resolution of disputes and to enforce promises.Law weaves into practically every aspect of the daily activities of businesses as well as individuals within the society. The evolution of law from basically a way to protect property rights to the intricate and complex system it has become is astounding. The research will examine the numerous roles and functions of law in relation to business and society. Laws govern many facets of business. They regulate—business operation, environmental standards, treatment of employees, workplace requirements—to name a few.The broad design of the law is to discourage against predatory business practices and to protect the consumer from fraudulent advertising or receiving inferior products as well as provide remediation to victims when necessary. To accomplish this, the federal as well as state governments have policing powers to enforce the rules a society chooses to govern itself. This law incorporates into the fabric of the society. For example, there are federal and state laws that control e-business commerce plus international business dealings.Congress derives its power to regulate the flow of commercial activity along interstate and intrastate highways likewise railways together with the vehicles that transport the goods from the commerce clause. The application of these powers varies. According to Melvin (2011), â₠¬Å"However, the direct and broad power to regulate all persons and products related to the flow of interstate commerce is the fundamental source of its authority. † Furthermore, manufacturing, distribution, shipping, employment, patents, trademarks, and copyrights are under government regulation as well.Federal law supplants state law when they conflict in intrastate matters, e. g. Cipollone versus the Liggett Group, Inc. Laws hold companies responsible for product safety. Therefore, manufacturers as well as sellers are liable to consumers for damaged or defective products as well as injuries or deaths that may result from their use. For example, the government establishes laws to standardize the quality of food, drink, and medicines consumers ingest while issuing additional laws to control the mechanical quality of automobiles and appliances—home and commercial.Enterprises employ these laws throughout the production process to ensure compliance. Consequently, the publi c is safer from injury and disease through quality control of products. There are numerous federal agencies that regulate business (the Federal Trade Commission, U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, U. S. Patent and Trademark Office, The United States Trade Commission, plus The International Trade Commission), to name a few. Finally, antitrust laws keep businesses from monopolizing markets, price fixing, similarly cornering an industry.Laws touch every aspect of social behavior across walks of life. For example, the activities of a typical day may include waking at home, preparing breakfast, getting children to school, and arriving at the workplace unmindful of the laws that manipulate these acts. The day continues with the use of an identification badge to park, clock-in for work, and in some cases to access restricted areas of the building. The day concludes with a stop at the local grocery store to purchase a few items for dinner and pay for them with a bank card giving no t hought of the numerous laws that govern this business transaction.After all, the design of the law is to function in society and business in such a way that following them requires little thought. Laws provide order and a tool for the government to enforce satisfactory behavior with a precise set of rules (public laws) for citizens to adhere to, such as civil, criminal, administrative, and constitutional laws. By the power of public law the government imposes penalties (fines or incarceration) for breaking the law through civil and criminal court actions upon members of the society.The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church has a rigorous set of laws, policies, procedures, and committee to vet potential ministerial candidates. However, since 1984 state law requires a criminal background check from the state law enforcement agency where the candidate resides before working in a day-care facility for children or senior citizens. The law further requires a one million dollar insurance rider for sexual misconduct charges that could result from counseling or visitations.The church complies with the intent of this legal mandate to protect the congregants from predators, and to avoid potential lawsuits that could bankrupt the church. In conclusion, the influence of law upon individuals’ lives begins at birth, and ends following death and the settlement of the estate. Law functions in marriage, separation, divorce, custody of children, birth certificates, and death certificates. To start a business, a person needs a permit, business license, and an attorney. Indeed the law influences people through the entirety of life.References Melvin, S. P. (2011). The legal environment of business: A managerial approach: Theory to practice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Azria, S. M. (2008). Wills, Trusts, Estates & Taxation. Wills, Trusts, Estates & Taxation — Research Starters Business, 1. Bednar, J. (2006). Making Dollars and Sense. Businesswest, 23(5), 18. Bod en, D. (2008). How to take (legal) action. International Financial Law Review, 27(5), 96-99. Flynn, S. I. (2008). Business Estate Planning. Business Estate Planning — Research Starters Business, 1.

Surveillance in 1984 by George Orwells and the Modern World

A world beyond what George Orwell could imagine has been created in modern society through the use of not only government surveillance, but also corporate and consumer spying where users are often unaware of spying.. 1984 is set in a neo-communist society where the government controls production of goods and spies on its citizens in order to maintain power. In the modern era, surveillance takes a different form. Often the methods for spying on citizens in the US do not involve a direct line from the NSA to the citizen’s home, it usually takes a detour through a commercial setting. By partnering with major companies such as Facebook, Google, and Amazon, government surveillance programs are able to collect far more information than could be gained by simply tapping telephone lines. This is more disturbing since many companies including Verizon, ATT, Apple, and Amazon do not require a warrant to supply information to investigators, and do not notify users of data requests. T he government in 1984 maintains power by using constant surveillance and suppression of citizens. Unlike the modern era, all citizens know they are being watched and are cautious about their actions. Winston says of the telescreen, the Party’s method of espionage: â€Å"Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it [the telescreen], moreover, so long as he remained within the field of vision which the metal plaque commanded, he could be seen as well asShow MoreRelatedGovernment Surveillance And Totalitarianism In George Orwells 19841593 Words   |  7 PagesThe Correlation of Government Surveillance and Totalitarianism in 1984 During the production of 1984, author George Orwell never envisioned a tangible reality housing the society he constructed. He wrote the novel as a warning, a cautious exposà © showing those what could happen if society lost its sense of humanity; housed in a painfully relevant satire of totalitarian barbarism. 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Fearful of this, he skilfully portrays the character, Winston Smith, to embody what life might be in a futuristic society, reduced of meaning, thought, and individuality. It is under these same values that German psychologist, Eric Fromm, hints Orwell’s work to be a warning. An eccentric reservoir for readers to understand the dangers and repercussions of