Place Bio Los Angeles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Place Bio Los Angeles - Essay Example Davis and McWilliams alerted visitors to the existence of Los Angeles's deep division and hidden history of conflict but they did not specifically tell where the evidence was prominent, where one could go to actually see it. The guide brilliantly produced listings of many historic sites of struggle with themed tours of the city from Latino, Native American and the African American. A People’s Guide to Los Angeles is a socio-political look at the West Coast’s occasionally explosive cultural reservation that do not turn up in the usual tourist guides. There are several sites highlighted in the site including Biddy Mason Park which is located less than 50 yards south of the Bradburry. Dalores Hayden created the sculpture, mural dedicated to the lie of Biddy Mason. She was born a slave in Georgia, 1818; however, she went to San Bernardino in 1851 with Rebeca Smith. California was a free state and a judge declared Mason set free. (Robert, 2003). Kashu Reality is another site in â€Å"A people’s Guide to Los Angeles†. Kazuo Inouye was propelled towards the success by his experiences with discrimination. He worked hard to open up all-white neighborhoods to the white people. He worked with Japanese Americans and African Americans to purchase homes often from Jewish homeowners or others who were sympathetic to racial integration. He helped to change the face of several Los Angeles neighborhoods. When he found a Japanese American buyer, a rival white estate agent broke all the windows in the home. Inouye confronted him directly and threatened to shoot the white real estate agent if he dared to interfere with the property again. Through similar tactic, he managed to sell a number of homes in the Crenshaw district during the 1950s and 1960s (Chaz & Mitchell, 2005). He advertised regularly in the Black Press and facilitated the area’s demographic shift from an all-white to a multiethnic African, American, Japanese and Latino place. Another location of great importance is the southern California Library for social studies and research on Vermont. It is well known for their extensive collection of books, posters, political pamphlets and other memorabilia in connection with struggle in Los Angeles. Philips who is a Los Angeles native, author of many in his fiction uses geography to discuss race, class and social fabric of Los Angeles. He touches on Downtown gentrification, Japanese in the Crenshaw District, the Library Tower among others. City of Quartz is another site evident in the â€Å"A people’s Guide to Los Angeles†. Davis took it as his responsibility in correcting of Banham's refusal to look into Los Angeles's shadows and alleyways. City of Quartz is the closest that could be used to giving Los Angeles the noir sociological treatment that it deserves. Davis lays bare the structures of power, inequality, and violence that diminished the Californian dream. He also highlights a cast of villains that i ncludes the real estate and railway barons who carved the place up in the twentieth century. Davis produced affecting chapters such as the ones on the militarization of the city through initiatives designed to keep out homeless people, and his account of the creation of the new downtown. He tells

Is there still a viable Social Democratic tradition in British Essay

Is there still a viable Social Democratic tradition in British Politics - Essay Example It suffers from a democratic deficit, and this has been established by the Westminster scandal. Nevertheless, the United Kingdom has a well established political culture that is based on values, moderation and public service. The class system of this nation served to establish a political class that has the ability to resist the exploitation of power and privilege (Soutphommasane, 2009: 11). Moreover, the British Empire generated a sense of common identity, in a society that was based on an inflexible classification on the basis of class. However, with the passage of time, these traits have been eroded. Furthermore, due to the professionalization of politics, parliamentary culture based on duty has been weakened (Soutphommasane, 2009: 11). The decline of the imperial power, in conjunction with multiculturalism and a disregard for national pride has rendered the UK a socially fragmented nation. The void thus created is being occupied by the nationalists of the far right. This is the real crisis being faced by the parliamentary system of UK. With European elections, in the offing, the political parties of the UK are making every possible effort to propose reforms to the constitution and the electoral process, in order to restore public trust in politics (Soutphommasane, 2009: 11). Thatcherism emerged in the aftermath of the acute social tension of the 1970s, wherein corporatist strategies of resolving competing demands on the economy and society had proved to be dismal failures. The mine workers’ strikes had defeated two governments; and inflation levels, were at the maximum level. It was believed that the UK had become ungovernable; and cultural and social warfare was being conducted against promiscuity, abortion, immigration, universities, and schooling. At that critical juncture, Margaret Thatcher was elected as the Prime Minister of the UK, on the basis of her

The performance of Engro Corporation Limited

The performance of Engro Corporation Limited Engro Corporation limited is mainly known as a fertilizer producer and supplier in the Pakistan but currently operating in many other areas as well. In fertilizers, as a core product, the company offers nitrogenous, phosphate, blended fertilizers, and micro nutrients, such as zinc sulphate. Through its subsidiaries, company also operates in chemical terminal and storage, PVC resin manufacturing and marketing, industrial control and automation businesses, dairy food and power generation businesses. The company was previously known as Engro Chemical Pakistan Limited but in result of being converted into a holding company structure company has changed its name to Engro Corporation Limited in January 2010 and now the company has become Pakistans largest conglomerate being involved in the businesses from fertilizer manufacturing to food production and power generation. The volum of sales in 2009 was almost Rs32000 million (USD 450m) and total fixed assets are about Rs94000 million (USD 13 00m). Engro Corporation Limited was established in Pakistan in 1965 as a subsidiary of Exxon ltd (USA). BUSINESSES OF THE COMPANY Company engages in different products within different subsidiaries called, Engro Fertilizers Limited Engro Foods Limited Engro Polymer HYPERLINK http://engro.com/our-businesses/engro-polymer-chemicals-limited/HYPERLINK http://engro.com/our-businesses/engro-polymer-chemicals-limited/ Chemicals Limited Engro Powergen Limited Engro EXIMP Private Limited Engro Vopak Terminal Limited Avanceon Limited HISTORY In 1957, the search for oil by Pak Stanvac, an Esso/Mobil joint venture led to the discovery of the Mari Gas field near Daharki a small, remote area in Upper Sindh province at the time. Esso proposed the establishment of a urea plant in that area which led to a fertilizer plant agreement signed in 1964. In the subsequent year, Esso Pakistan Fertilizer Company Limited was incorporated, with 75% of the shares owned by Esso and 25% by the general public. The construction of a urea plant commenced at Daharki in 1966 and production began in 1968. At US $43 million with an annual production capacity of 173,000 tons, it was the single largest foreign investment by a multinational corporation in Pakistan at the time. A full-fledged marketing organization was established which undertook agronomic programs to educate the farmers of Pakistan. As the nations first fertilizer brand, Engro (then Esso) helped modernize traditional farming practices to boost farm yields, directly impacting the quality of life not only for farmers and their families, but for the nation at large. As a result of these efforts, consumption of fertilizers increased in Pakistan, paving the way for the Companys branded urea called Engro, an acronym for Energy for Growth. As part of an international name change program, Esso became Exxon in 1978 and the Company was renamed Exxon Chemical Pakistan Limited. The Company continued to prosper as it relentlessly pursued productivity gains and strived to attain professional excellence. In 1991, Exxon decided to divest its fertilizer business on a global basis. The employees of Exxon Chemical Pakistan Limited, in partnership with leading international and local financial institutions, bought out Exxons 75% equity. This was at the time and perhaps still is the most successful employee buy-out in the corporate history of Pakistan. Renamed as Engro Chemical Pakistan Limited, the Company has gone from strength to strength, reflected in its consistent financial performance, growth of the core fertilizer business, and diversification into other businesses. Along the way, a major milestone in plant capacity upgrade coincided with the employee led buy-out; innovatively optimizing our resources, Engro relocated fertilizer manufacturing plants from the UK and US to its Daharki plant site an international first. Engro Chemical Pakistan Limited then started a journey of venturing into other sectors including foods, energy, industrial control and automation, PVC resin manufacturing and marketing, and chemical terminal and storage. In 2009 plans were announced of demerging the fertilizer business into an independent operating company. The expansion and growth in the company necessitated a change in the way the company operated and conducted business. Keeping in view the operations of multi category businesses, expansion strategy and growth vision, the management decided that the various businesses would be better served if the Company was converted to a holding company. As a result it was decided to demerge the fertilizer business and establish a holding company structure to manage the affairs of various businesses. Engro Fertilizers Limited was incorporated in June 2009 to manage the fertilizer business post demerger. The demerger required the approval of the High Court of Sindh, which was granted on December 9, 2009 after obtaining the requisite approvals from the creditors and shareholders of the Company. The demerger became effective from January 1, 2010. Consequently, all fertilizer business assets and liabilities have been transferred to Engro Fertilizers Limited against the issue of shares to the Company. To reflect the change in the scope of mandate and scale of operations, Engro Chemical Pakistan Limited has been renamed as Engro Corporation Limited with effect from January 1, 2010. Engro Corp, as the holding company is responsible for the long term vision of the company, overseeing the performance of the subsidiaries and affiliates. OVERVIEW OF THE PAST LEADERSHIP Mr. Zaffar A. Khan President Chief Executive Officer, 1997-2004 Mr. S. R. Mirza PresidentCEO 1988 1997 Mr. H. I. Kazmi President, 1981-1988 Mr. J. E. Brewer President, 1977-1981 Mr. A. H. Connellee President, 1974-1977 Mr. George B. Sweeney President, 1972-1974 Mr. Selby Harney President, 1969-1972 Mr. M. C. Fuqua President 1965-1969 (Above leadership structure does not include the present leadership and the purpose to picturise these leaders is only to describe the international involvement in the history of the organization) VISION To become the premier Pakistani enterprise with a global reach. MISSION In order to create values for its Stakeholders Companys mission is to grow `its business in profitable, ethical and sustainable way .Growth and sustainability are basic targets of the mission. Well conducting in the areas of allocating capital for different projects, managing talent, developing leadership, guiding the HR policies, public relationing, marketing its products and services and taking the corporative social responsibility etc are the key factors to be involved with. These areas of responsibility, in fact, provide the base to set a mission. And achieving the mission is then, providing a track to reach the organizations vision. THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCAN Asteriois G Kefalas in his book, Global business strategy: A system approach, explains that how and why an environment is concerned to a nature of business and business organization. THE MACROENVIRONMENT Macro environment is actually a big picture of the surrounding environment in which a business and organization operates. Understanding the macro environment of a country or the world requires understanding the relationship between humans and their natural habitat. The resources and the carrying capacities of the natural habitat affect both the quantitative aspects (such as population volume and growth rates) and the cultural aspects (such as social, political, and economic behaviours) of human life. MICROENVIRONMENT The microenvironment has been defined as a particular organizations external business environment. Studying the micro business environment helps manager to set the organizations objectives by matching the organizations internal strengths and weaknesses with the uncontrollable probabilities within that specific business environment. Engro Corporation limited operates in that part of the world where dramatic and unexpected changes are always expected that requires the organizations analysts and mangers to keep an extreme eye on whats going on. Here i am going to present different analysis to help understand the environment in which Engro corporation exist. PESTLE Pestle analysis categorically involves the factors which are directly concerned to the macro environment and they are Political, economical, social, technological, legal and ecological. POLITICAL Pakistan is currently suffering from political turmoil. On one hand where it is struggling against the issue of terrorism which involves the international community and international politics on the other hand its facing internal political instability. Because of the continuous military interference into government and politics the Political forces, in the past, have not had enough chance to practice fundamental democratic values. In result both political forces and the people of Pakistan have not yet been able to achieve the political maturity which can be seen in the western, American and other democracy dominant societies. The overall situation is further resulting into the empowerment of unreliable and corrupt executives who are usually responsible of making economic and social policies. That is why Pakistan is not achieving required economic and social goals yet. The policy makers usually involve in taking kick backs and turning policies into their personal interest, after 9/11 the war against terror has put a great impact on Pakistan and is actually resulting into the destruction of peace of the country. International communities and investors are hesitating to invest in Pakistan. Even though the tax policy, employment laws, environmental regulations, trade restrictions and tariff regulations have been formulated but implementation on these policies is not being conducted in mannered way. Also there is a need of brining new economic and agriculture reforms.Especialy the agriculture tax reforms where the per unit land tax price has been a big issue over the times. Employment laws have been formulated according to the international standards but child labour issue needs to be addressed on war grounds. Being a member of WTO Pakistan supports the free market and free trade ideology but in fact no such free market is in practice in the modern world. Every country has some trade barriers to protect local industry, so does Pakistan. An anti dumping duty ordinanc e is in place to protect local industry that also encourages local industrialists to invest further. The tariff rates and policies are being reviewed over the time. Having all these positive indications Pakistan still needs to modernize the trade and industrial sectors by developing transparent policies. In the current time the civil society of Pakistan seems to be awakening to break the political and feudal status quo that will help Pakistan, in future, to develop a civilized political culture. When we analyze the Engro Corporation having the above environment in backgrounds and beyond we need to give considerable attention to the Engros internal strengths and weaknesses. Here i would talk about Engross internal strengths in comparison of that particular environment. On one hand Engro has tried to keep away from being politically attached to that atmosphere and has concentrated properly on its business which has helped it to become not polluted professional organization. On the other hand Engro has been complying with the countrys law and cultural values. Because of the strong internal culture and commercialism company has strengthen itself to compete with various kinds of political circumstances. ECONOMICAL Pakistans economic growth rate is currently 5.5% which was 8% once in 2005 but huge shortage of electricity and political instability has affected the growth rate. Economic growth of Pakistan can be seen through gross domestic purchasing power parity, which was estimated to be $454.2 billion in 2008. Official exchange rate was approximately $160.9 billion, while real growth rate in 2008 GDP of Pakistan, as per statistical data was found to be 4.7 percent. GDP per capita income was $2,600 in 2008. Interest rates are slightly high in Pakistan because of IMF conditional bailout programme and were rose by 15% in 2009.purcasing power of Pakistanis has been shaken up by 13% of inflation rate. Wage rates, minimum wages and 60 hours per week working time in manufacturing sector and 48 hours in service sectors are very suitable for large and international businesses. High percentage of unemployment is resulting to be suitable for cheap labour provision but it increases the inflation rate that affects business directly on the other hand. Countrys cost of living is lower comparing to developed countries. Engro Corporation is directly affected by these factors. Engro has tried to take benefit from availability of cheap labour but interest rates are putting a negative effect on engros internal economy because it has financing relations with most banks in Pakistan also with some international banks like HSBC,Barclays etc . Inflation rate is also affecting engro especially engro foods which involves direct relation with public purchasing power on broad levels. On the other side the global economy is facing a downturn in recent times. The economic recession has rolled largest economies in the world. Engro needs to have a deep look on this factor in order to develop strategies for international perspective. SOCIAL Pakistan is an agricultural country, 70% population living in rural areas, 98% population is Muslim. 42% population under 15 years of age only 4% over 64 years of age .2% per year population growth rate, 65% literacy rate. The geographic area of country is known to be one of oldest civilizations in the world. But because of poor economic condition the awareness about health consciousness, safety and global warming has not been very significant but now the awareness ratio on these issues is rising rapidly in the society. Increasing literacy rate especially in IT and engineering sectors have changed the career attitudes in the country. A strong business and industry culture is developing itself influencing by different factors. Engro Corporation is directly serving to 96%of the countrys population. A large portion is covered by engro fertilizer. Engro foods is taking health consciousness into the consideration for its product development. Engro is building Pakistans first green power h ouse to tackle the global warming issue. International health and safety standards have been achieved by Engro within all its industries especially in chemical industry. Providing employment on large scale Engro has shared the change in career attitudes. TECHNOLOGICAL In the modern age technology is advancing and improving every day. These advances are not only influencing corporate businesses but equally influencing the societies as a whole by bringing the change into social behaviours. On the corporate level as the organizations adopting the horizontal and vertical integrating method, Getting as more as possible technological strength is a powerful weapon to achieve the corporative integrity. Pakistan as a developing country needs technological advancement in every sector of economy ranging from electricity generation, road construction, port and airport developments, data base structuring, information technology railway, food industry, oil and gas sector, logistics and many more. Government is privatizing and out sourcing mega projects and multi industry sectors to save costs and to gain financial balance. Especially in oil and energy sectors Pakistan needs huge investments. These requirements and circumstances are actually a massive potential market for the organizations which have well-built technological resources. Engro takes advantage from this availability and has offered in sourcing to the government in multi sectors like currently working on a power house project with the collaboration of government. The project is called Thar coal power project which is spouse to produce 1200MW electricity for the country using coal reserves. ENVIRONMENTAL Being a developing country Pakistan is considered to be one of those countries where the ecological and environmental aspect needs special concentration. Pakistan has six metropolitan cities which have heavy industry manufacturing textile, leather products, fertilizers, steel goods etc. Most of the countrys vehicles run on diesel and petrol. Small level industry like brick making and small steel melting units leave a big amount of carbondyoxide in the air. Clean drinking water is also a big issue in the country. Handling and recycling wastage from manufacturing sector is most critical aspect of the ecological concerns in Pakistan. On the other hand diseases due to dirty water and improper food are also a challenge for the country. All above issues are influencing Pakistan both economically and socially. But on the same time there is a huge potential for investments from eco friendly organizations to compete against these challenges. Implementation on environmental regulations is on h igh demand from the global society as well. Engro being part in this environment is playing its role by internally implementing the related laws and standards like , process safety, workforce safety, workplace health, food safety, risk assessment, and environmental performance. In the field engro is building Pakistans first green power house in Sindh province and looks ahead for many other projects. LEGAL Having been developed with in business laws and taxation laws according to the international standard legal situatations in Pakistan are at satisfactory level. Recent business legislations have helped the country to be suitable for international investments. No restrictions on joint ventures and revision of tax ordinance 2001-2002 are the latest achievements towards investment friendly society. But overall small tax base and unsatisfactory tax collection system along with economic and political situations present a negative impact on countrys economy. Also implementation on import/export laws concerning duty and custom tax is significantly lacking. But now as the modern educated youth is entering into the countrys judicial and legislative institutions the overall circumstances are getting better and better. Also the awareness about economic globalization in the general population is increasing day by day that will soon reflect into the more betterment of legislation and legalization circumstances. To protect the local fertilizer industry government has passed a law of imposing anti-dumping duty on fertilizers import and has allowed the industry to import fertilizer plant equipments without paying any tax . Beyond the facility of taxation policy and joint venture legalization in Pakistan Engro has taken a step of being part of an international business joint venture that is called Avanceon Advanced Automation LP, a leading provider of technology solutions to manufacturers In north US, Innovative Automation Engineering, FZ, a leading Dubai based engineering system integration company serving Middle East and African Oil Gas, Water, Waste Water, Infrastructure, and Manufacturing industries; and Engro Innovative Automation Pvt. Ltd., a global provider of industrial automation and engineering support products and services announced a joint venture under the name of AVANCEON. PORTE FIVE ANALYSIS

how the stock market crashed Essay -- essays research papers

Many factors played a role in bringing about the depression; however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth, banking problem, industrial power houses and agricultural depression which ultimately lead to the infamous Stock Market Crash of 1929. The â€Å"roaring twenties† was an era when our country prospered greatly. The rapid increase in industrialization was fueling growth in the economy, and technology improvements had the leading economists living that the uprise would continue. During this boom period, wages increased along with consumer spending and stock prices began to rise as well. Billions of dollars were invested in the stock market as people began speculation on the rising stock prices and buying on margin.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On Thursday, October 24, 1929, the bottom began to fall out. Prices dropped continually as more and more investors tried to sell their holdings. By the end of the day, the New York Stock Exchange had lost four billion dollars, and it took the exchange clerks until five o’clock in the morning the next day to clear all the transactions (Hicks 9) Following Monday the realization of what had happened began to sink in, and a full-blown panic set in. Thousands of investors-- many of them ordinary working people, not serious â€Å"players -- were financially ruined. by the end of the year stock values had dropped by fifteen billion dollars (McElvaine 45).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of the banks which had speculated heavily with their deposits were wiped out by the falling prices, and these bank failures sparked run on the banking system. Each failed bank, factory, business, and investor contributed to the downward spiral that would drag the world into the Great Depression (Hicks 22).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the â€Å"roaring twenties† which is commonly known as the Jazz Age, their was an obvious attitude that was for living for the moment. â€Å"Americans in the Roaring Twenties turned inward, away form international issues and social concerns and toward greater individualism. The emphasis was on getting rich and enjoying new fads, new inventions and new ideas. (Hiebert 73). The traditional values of rural America were being challenged by the infamous Jazz Age, what symbolized what is shock... ...et into a speculative pyramid game, in which most of the money invested in the market wasn’t actually there.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The car industry was the force behind many other booming industries during this time. In 1928, their were over 21 million cars on the road that adds up to one car for every six Americans (Hicks 114). Steel, nickel, lead and other metal industries prospered with 15% of its products going to the automobile industry ( Hicks 114). Rubber, petroleum, textile and leather companies were effected greatly by the car industry too. The automotive industry effected construction as well. the car had been essential to the urbanization of the country , because so many other industries relied upon it. With this rapid urbanization came the need to build many more factories, homes, offices and stores. From 1919 to 1928 the construction industry grew from a mere 2.5 billion dollars to 5billion dollars (Hicks 115).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Radio industry also prospered during

Corrections Paper Essay

The criminal justice system is responsible for enforcing the laws created at each level of government. A major part of enforcing the laws is detaining the people who break them. The way that an offender is punished for a crime can be different depending on age or the type of crime committed. Depending on the age of the offender they could go through the juvenile or adult corrections system. Each system has levels like parole and probation built in to help rehabilitate the offender. Another form of corrections that is used is community corrections. This form allows citizens to help with the corrections process while giving offenders a second chance. Over time each level of corrections has evolved by evaluating the trends and examining different demands on the corrections system. Consistently evolving allows the corrections system to punish and rehabilitate offenders while keeping society safe. Past, present, and future trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutiona l and community based corrections When it comes to community corrections programs that oversee outside of jail or prison, and are administered by agencies or courts with the legal authority to enforce sanctions. Community corrections include probation, which is correctional supervision within the community rather than jail or prison, and parole which is a period of conditional, supervised release from prison.   In the early colonial criminal law there was a curious mix of religion, English barbarity, and pragmatism. Most punishments were public and involved either quick, corporal tortures or more prolonged humiliation. Among the punishments designed to deter crime by inflicting pain, the colonials often used the whipping post, branding and maiming, gags, and device known as the ducking stool. The latter device was essentially a chair connected to a pulley system where â€Å"slanderers†, â€Å"makebayts†, â€Å"chyderers†, brawlers, and women of light carriage were restrained and they repeatedly plunged into a convenient body of water (jthomasniu.org/PDF/prisonhistory111.pdf) Probation and parole are integral to criminal and juvenile justice in the states. Provides a wide variety of services that are critical to the effective and efficient operation of almost every aspect of the justice system, ranging from law enforcement to sentencing to the release of offenders from confinement into the community. These community corrections agencies conduct investigations to support judicial and parole decision making operate residential and secure custodial facilities and parole free labor to local organizations through community service programs, probation and parole are best known for their role in the supervision of offenders in the community. Probation and parole agencies are part of a large, complex and interdependent array of governmental, nonprofit, and private agencies and organizations that comprise the criminal and juvenile justice systems. No aspect of the work of probation and parole can be considered in isolation, as they are affected by and have an impa ct on many other agencies. With that being said there are strategic trends they will and can use in the future. Collaboration and partnership for example the drug court and other specially â€Å"treatment courts.† Results Driven Management requires a substantial investment of agency time and resources. The agency mission, goals and measures must be articulated and agreed upon. The Re- Emergence of Rehabilitation both was founded on the principle that offenders could change and that the correctional system, and probation and parole officers in particular, had a central role in helping the officer change. With technology when it comes to sex offenders the software is available that can monitor the offender’s computer use and report to the probation or parole officer what Internet sites the offender have visited. Correctional organization and administration functions that reflect fiscal demands The organization and administration functions of jails, prisons, probation, parole, juvenile and community corrections that reflect the operational and fiscal demands are in the many programs, services, and staffs that make these forms of correction run on a daily basis (Burrell, 2003). With jails and prisons facing an increasing overpopulation problem, with less staff, and budget cuts m ore and more probation, parole, and community corrections are becoming a solution (manhattan-institute.org, 2000). Parole and  probation function through their operation programs such as their case classification system (Burrell, 2003). This system allows the parole board to classify which cases should be considered for early release and which ones should not. Once a case is determined to be eligible for parole, then probation uses the case classification system to decide if the case is high risk or low risk (manhattan-institute.org, 2000). Community corrections becomes a part of the parole and probation services once the inmate is released into the community by â€Å"operating residential and secure custodial facilities and provide free labor to local organizations through community service programs, probation and parole are best known for their role in the supervision of offenders in the community† (Burrell, 2003, p. 1). The administration in jails, prisons, parole, probation, and community corrections have many different issues to deal with daily. Corrections face overcrowding, downsi zing of staff, budget cuts, and training issues. To combat these difficult issues administrators use the many departments within the system. It starts with the central office that overseas all of corrections within the state (Peak, 2010). The central office is run by a secretary; under the secretary is the prison director. The prison director is responsible for â€Å"setting policy for all wardens to follow in terms of how the institutions should be managed and inmates treated as well as overseeing â€Å"public or media affairs coordinators, legislative liaisons, legal advisers, and internal affairs representatives† (Peak, 2010, p. 246). The public or media affairs coordinators are responsible for getting information to the public. Legislative liaisons are responsible for helping to bring new laws and needs for new laws to the attention of the state. Legal advisers make sure that no laws have been broken and take care of any impending lawsuits. Internal affairs representatives ensure that ethical behavior is maintained within the correctional system (Peak, 2010). Every jail, prison, parole, probation, and community corrections are under the watch of the central office of the state which is how these department s of corrections operate and function. Security and Technology functions with correctional environments Security is very important with the correctional department. It prevents inmates from escaping jails or prisons, and it also prevents  contraband from entering the facility. When contraband enters the facility, a crime can be committed against other inmates. A Baltimore inmate allegedly acquired a cell phone, ordered an arrangement on another inmate, and would pay the murderer $2500 (Bulman, 2009). To prevent such incidents from happening, jails and prisons are bringing new security measures into the establishments. One such technology is using body scanners, often found in the United States airports. These scanners can scan through clothes and detect any contraband trying to be smuggled into the jail or prison. â€Å"The system was tested and evaluated at Graterford, a maximum-security facility that houses about 3,100 inmates outside Philadelphia† (Bulman, 2009, para 2) and officials working within the prison believed the trial using the body scanners were successful in fin ding contraband. Prisons and jails also use hand-held devices called WANDD. This hand-held device scans inmates, or visitors, and detects non-metallic items, such as plastic or wood items. A prototype was tested in the Virginia Peninsula Regional Jail, and it was able to detect objects such as plastic knives, cell phones, guns, and even credit cards through various types of fabric (Bulman, 2009). Correctional staff is also using some of the latest technology available to track inmate’s movements within a prison or jail called radio frequency identification technology. A little chip is attached to some objects, most often a wristband, and correctional staff can track the movements of each inmates. It also alerts prison staff when a large amount of inmates are gathered within any area within the jail or prison. â€Å"Movement information can be stored in computers and could prove useful in investigations to determine who was present in a certain part of a building at a particular time† (Bulman, 2009, para. 18). Management and control Managing a jail or a prison is not an easy task. Anyone working within these environments must be able to manage a large number of inmates while controlling them at any given time. Correctional guards are the ones who will be in direct contact with inmates. If they become too friendly with inmates or are not paying attention, a situation can occur suddenly. Staying alert and maintaining control is imperative because inmates can read correctional guards easily. Inmates can learn the habits of their guards if the guards maintain the same routine daily. Ethical rights are one of the key factors to  managing a prison or a jail. Even though these inmates have committed a crime, they still human rights. Understanding that aspect of managing a prison may be hard for some people in charge. All individuals visiting, working, or the inmates themselves should be respected to a degree. Having this type of approach to prison or jail management is does not represent a liberal outlook on the system or a ‘soft view.’ Many people who m have worked in different prisons throughout the world, believe this approach works in prison and jail management because they view the inmates as humans (Coyle, 2009). Educational and Treatment Programs Most individuals incarcerated in Jails, prisons, and community correction centers have little or no education. These individuals often commit crimes to support themselves or their families. These individuals are arrested and sentences to incarceration for their crimes. After release, they continue lacking the education and skills to find legal employment and return to lives of crime to support themselves and family. This is a vicious cycle that has led to extreme overpopulation in correctional facilities. Juveniles commit crimes for several different reasons. Some juveniles commit crimes to support their families, some because of peer pressure, and some just to relieve boredom. Whether these adults and juveniles commit crimes because of lack of education and opportunity or from juvenile ignorance and boredom the solution remains the same, education. â€Å"Studies conducted over the last two decades almost unanimously indicate that higher education in prison programs reduces recidivism and translates into reductions in crime, savings, and long-term contributions to the safety and well-being of the communities to which formerly incarcerated people return.† (â€Å"Why Prison Education?† n.d.) (para. 1). The Institute for Higher Education Policy conducted a study in 2011. This study showed that seven in ten people incarcerated will commit further crime upon release and half of these individuals will be incarcerated again within three years (â€Å"Why Prison Education?† n.d.). The results of many studies show the solution to be a seemingly simple one, education equals increased employment, and increased employment equals reduced recidivism. Each facility, prison, jail, community corrections, and juvenile detention offers a different type of education to inmates. Prisons typically house individuals for longer  p eriods of time than other correctional facilities. Because of the lengthy stay prisons are able to offer inmates many more services. In most prisons classes are offered to teach inmates basic skills of language, reading, and math. These skills are developed upon to help the individual obtain a General Education Diploma (GED). Some prisons, such as those in California, offer incentive programs to inmates seeking education. These individuals can earn up to six weeks per year reduction in their sentence for completing educational classes. They also offer sentence reduction for learning vocational skills, such as firefighting and increase the reduction time earned if the skills are used within the facility (â€Å"Cdcr Implements Public Safety Reforms to Parole Supervision, Expanded Incentive Credits For Inmates†, 2010). Some prisons are attempting to begin pilot programs involving distance learning. They can help the inmates to obtain financial assistance to complete online college courses and earn degrees before release. Jails an d community corrections typically do not house inmates for extended periods of time. Jails are often only able to help inmates to begin the learning process or assist in learning the basic skills of language, reading, math, and GED preparation. Many jails can help inmates in beginning the programs and guiding them toward other facilities and organizations who can further assist them upon release. Community corrections often have more flexibility and can offer a more varied selection of learning opportunities to individuals. Because fewer restrictions are involved they can sometimes offer vocational training or strict and structured on-the-job training. Probation and parole individuals usually have advancing their education as part of their probation or parole contract. Most are required to attend GED classes and strongly urged to obtain a GED. Many states require probation officers to receive training concerning how to best assist their clients in furthering their education, job training, and job placement. Probation officers will often assist clients in locating emp loyment that often involves on-the-job training. Aside from education, almost all facilities offer drug or substance abuse programs. Many also offer counseling for anger management and other counseling issues or direct individuals to organizations who are able to assist with these issues. While adults in the criminal justice system are often punished as well as rehabilitated, the justice system  typically places focus on rehabilitation where juveniles are concerned. Juveniles commit crimes for a variety of reasons and most studies show education to be the solution to recidivism prevention. Juveniles are required to continue their education while in detention. Juveniles are also typically provided with addiction counseling, social skills training, and mental health counseling. The older juveniles are encouraged and often assisted with obtaining higher education. They are also provided with job training and job search skills. References Bulman, P. (2009). Using Technology to Make Prison and Jails Safer. Retrieved from http://www.nij.gov/journals/262/Pages/corrections-technology.aspx CDCR Implements Public Safety Reforms to Parole Supervision, Expanded Incentive Credits for Inmates. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/News/Press_Release_Archive/2010_Press_Releases/Jan_21.html Correctional Education. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ovae/pi/AdultEd/correctional-education.html Coyle, A. (2009). A Human Rights Approach to Prison Management. Retrieved from http://www.prisonstudies.org/sites/prisonstudies.org/files/resources/downloads/ handbook_2nd_ed_eng_8.pdf U.S. Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement. (1994). Literacy Behind Prison Walls. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs94/94102.pdf Why Prison Education?. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://prisonstudiesproject.org/why-prison-education-programs/

Rhetorical analysis of an article Essay

In a blog posting from 2007, Pharinet asserts her beliefs about the pressing modern issue of whether or not everybody should go to college. Due to the controversial nature of this topic, many well-executed rhetorical strategies are needed in order for Pharinet to convey her point and convince the reader that her argument is valid. In her article, â€Å"Is College for Everyone?† Pharinet utilizes many rhetorical strategies such as a calm, reasonable tone, nods to the opposition, and an array of personal examples to support her arguments. Firstly, Pharinet uses a calm tone to show the reader that she is passive and willing to make a reasonable argument in her favor. As is seen in the second paragraph when Pharinet states, â€Å" . . . not every person should attend college† (635), the author is able to make simple, blunt statements and proceed to support them with facts that support her argument in a very beneficial way. After this sentence, Pharinet continues by saying that roughly 50% of student who begin college never graduate, and how the financial and academic obligations attached to college are typically too much for college-aged students (635). These supporting facts demonstrate Pharinet’s ability to support her argument in a passive tone with straightforward facts. She is able to present questions in a way that does not lead the reader to believe that she is confrontation, but rather that she genuinely desires to communicate her concerns with her audience. She asks questions such as, â€Å"If college is for everyone, why do we rely on SAT scores and high school transcripts? Why doesn’t every school have an open admissions policy?† (635). Pharinet is then able to answer these questions in a non-confrontational manner: â€Å"Quite simply, because not everyone should attend college† (636). She then continues on to give more explanations as to why her argument is a valid one, such as how many students at the pre-college level still struggle with reading, or how some high schools do not expect much academically from their students (636). She is able to state simple facts without appearing to attack her opposition or the group of people being discussed. Pharinet’s ability to maintain a passive tone throughout her article heavily aids the effectiveness of her argument  throughout the entirety of the article. Secondly, Pharinet uses personal examples to support her points and to aid in her credibility. In the fifth paragraph, Pharinet accounts one of her own experiences: C’s get degrees. One of my own students said this to me when enquiring about his progress this semester. Unfortunately, this is an all too common mentality among college students. There is no real desire for learning (636). A personal example such as this one adds a very tangible element to Pharinet’s argument. Before this example, to the reader she is simply another person writing an article and trying to voice her opinion in whatever way possible; however, after this personal example of her encounter with one of her students, the reader is shown her personal connection with the issue. This realization by the reader adds to the likability of the author and to the believability of the arguments that she is presenting. The presentation of this personal example also reveals new information about the author. Due to this example, the reader is able to infer that Pharinet is a teacher, which would bring the reader to the conclusion that Pharinet has a personal connection herself to the issue of education. The fact that she is a teacher also lends to her credibility. Who better to discuss the issue of education than a teacher? Who could possibly be more informed on the issue than a teacher? Because of this simple recount of Pharinet’s personal interaction with the issue being discussed, the reader is able to not only connect more with the author, but the reader can also have more faith in her credibility. Lastly, Pharinet makes many nods towards the opposing side of her argument in the article, yet again demonstrating her ability to present a calm argument and support her points. Right from the start of the article, she begins making acknowledgments to the opposing side of her argument. She makes statements such as, â€Å"There is no doubt that education is important. There is also no doubt that every person has the right to an education. However . . .† (635). These statements demonstrate to the reader that Pharinet is not only aware of her opposition’s views, but that she agrees with a few of the arguments that her opposition might make. Pharinet also offers many alternatives for students and parents, showing that she is not  just arguing to argue, but that she genuinely cares for the issue about which she is writing. In the sixth paragraph, Pharinet suggests that some students should take a year or two off to evaluate the course that is best for them and to get more financially stable (636). Instead of just attacking the issue or blinding arguing her points, she is offering alternative suggestions that she truly believes should be taken into consideration by her audience. Pharinet’s nods to the opposition and her presentation of alternatives to starting college right away demonstrate to the reader that she genuinely cares about her topic and the issue about which she is debating. As with any controversial topic, arguments are very difficult to make without the proper use of rhetorical strategies. Pharinet clearly realizes that fact, and she makes great use of many rhetorical strategies such as her tone and her ability to maintain her credibility to her audience. By keeping a calm and passive tone throughout the article, she is able to convey her points and arguments to her intended audience much easier than if she were only being confrontational and aggressive. By adding personal examples, she is able to maintain her credibility and her connection to the topic and the audience. By giving nods to the opposition, she is able to yet again show her non-confrontational intent and focus on arguing her point in a manner that the reader will appreciate and to which the reader will respond well. Well-utilized rhetorical strategies are the key to any well-organized argument. Pharinet. â€Å"Is College for Everyone?† Practical Argument: A Text and Anthology. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: 2011. 635-636

Ice-Fili Case Study Essays

Ice-Fili Case Study Essays Ice-Fili Case Study Paper Ice-Fili Case Study Paper Attractiveness of the Five Forces Framework in the Russian Ice Cream Market Although the Russian ice cream market may initially look attractive due to its consistent growth in ice cream production/demand in recent years, after evaluating the market through the five forces framework, it becomes clear that the market far from attractive. Since the open market economy was first introduced to Russia in 1991, ice cream producer competition has more than tripled in sized to 300 firms by 2002. Significant funding would be required for ice cream manufacturing/distribution and a new entrant would also need to consider the market’s pre-existing loyalty to domestic brands. There is also a luxury tax associated with ice cream production, which negatively affects the potential for current and future profit. While many foreign competitors exited the market during the economic crisis of 1998, the companies that remained presented significant competitive pressure and prowess. For instance, Nestle leveraged their international brands and large advertising budget to â€Å"push† their products into distribution channels for the Russian consumer. Without Nestle’s scale, a significantly smaller company would have difficulties competing in on the same advertising caliber. There are various ice cream substitutes available to the Russian consumer including beer, soda, yogurts, chocolates, and other confectionery candies. Demand for these substitutes is also higher than demand for ice cream because they have chosen to adopt aggressive and expensive advertising and branding strategies. Although one can argue that the increased demand is due to the larger advertising spend, the change in consumer preferences may also be a critical factor, further pointing to the unattractiveness of the ice cream market. Ice cream production requires supply from equipment vendors and raw material retailers. However, data shows that neither equipment vendors nor raw material suppliers have much bargaining power in this industry. The number of local equipment vendors increased due to contracts and joint financing from ice cream producers. Due to this, the supply constraint has been drastically reduced for the procurement of raw materials. As an ice cream producer, buyer decision is largely influenced by the distribution channel. Since three of five channels (kiosks, minimarts, gastronoms) cover 95% of industry production, this is where the bargaining power of buyers lies. Considering that these three channels are extremely limited by physical space, they have the ability to pick and choose the ice cream producers and brands they wish to carry. Because of this, it is imperative for an ice cream producer to work jointly with kiosk distributors to sell their products and to maintain an amiable business relationship. Future Effects of Competitiveness on Price and Profits in the Russian Ice Cream Market Price and profit competition will evolve depending on the drivers of current market price. By analyzing the factors outlined below, we can determine how pricing is determined in the near future. Branding is a significant factor in determining a product’s price point. For instance, Nestle, Ice-Fili’s largest competitor, charges a high price because they have been able to generate brand loyalty and trust with their consumers. The focus of domestic ice cream producers was not developing a brand, which is a main factor on why their prices and profit margins are not competitive against foreign competitors who have relied on branding and advertising to drive their pricing decisions. Another reason that branding has been â€Å"pushed† so effectively is due to the raw power of advertising dollars spent. Foreign competitors like Nestle and Baskin Robbins are able to bring in deeper pockets of advertising dollars due to their scale outside of Russia and are reapplying advertising strategies that have worked in other markets. At this point, profits were being affected by the advertising campaigns because most companies did not rely on television advertising and were now forced to ramp up advertising spend to remain keep up with foreign competition. Similarly, ice cream pricing and competition are driven by seasonality due to increase/decreased consumption in varying climates. To compensate for this factor and the declining market demand, many ice cream producers may have to raise prices during ice cream production but can redirect equipment utilization to other products (e. g. rozen foods and meats) during the â€Å"low† seasons. Furthermore, as classified by the tax regulation, ice cream is seen as a â€Å"luxury† item and is not integrated to daily consumer habits. Therefore, prices are driven by the fact that ice cream is not an everyday necessity, so the demand of ice cream is elastic; if prices go up, the quantity demanded may not increase by the same percentage. Profit margins for the ice cream market are high (15-20%) by Russian standards when comparing to substitute products, but delivering the profit margin requires a deeper understanding of the profit cost structure. Because of the increasing trend of in-home consumption, buyers will most likely turn to supermarkets or gastronoms to support this change in habit due to a kiosk’s inability to hold larger volumes of ice cream. As such, ice cream producers will need to re-evaluate their profit margins by focusing on how distribution costs will change to support the growth of in-home production. Could the Industry Become More Attractive Over Time? The Russian ice cream market definitely has the potential to become more attractive over time. The historical events that plagued it seem to be a memory of the past, and growth potential seems to be on the rise. Though there have been numerous competitors who have entered the market, since 1997 not only has production continued to rise, but ice cream consumption by volume and per capita has increased as well over this time period. This is particularly interesting when considering that the population of Russia has consistently fallen since 1990, which displays that either the market itself is expanding to new clientele and/or ice cream customers are consuming a consistently elevating amount. With the possibility of expanding competition through marketing warfare, the market of customers will continue to grow with more potential to brand as well as steal/develop more market share. As market and differentiation advantage is more readily established, there will naturally be the elimination of smaller competitors who cannot compete in marketing funds nor have established themselves in serving a customer niche. The introduction of new distribution through supermarkets will also assist in market expansion by making the ice cream more convenient for year-round availability as well as less impulsive demand buyers. The supermarket as well as brand innovations are seemingly switching customers in a direction away from just kiosk buying but that of home consumption, which will create a new level of consumer loyalty and buyer maturity as well as increased gross profits potentially. Sources of Competitive Advantage in the Russian Ice Cream Market: A firm’s three main relative competitive advantages include cost, differentiation, and marketing. In Russia, the majority of per-serving ice cream prices varied from 2. 5 to 15 rubles. Ice-Fili’s price point was mid-market at about rubles per item when â€Å"premium† brands, like Nestle, charged 10 rubles. Regional producers sold at cheaper prices, but were not as widely distributed. Western â€Å"premium† brands, such as Baskin Robbins, could cost up to 30 rubles per serving. Differentiation in the market comes from the fat content of the ice cream, and if the rest of the ingredients are natural or if the company uses preserva tives. Russian consumers put a much greater value on higher fat content and unique texture over the use of potentially unhealthy preservatives. Another difference between traditional Russian ice cream and â€Å"premium† Western ice cream is the use of oils (such as coconut oil) instead of milk as minimally processed products are valued more by the Russian consumer. For example, Ice-Fili had the differentiating competitive advantage of being GOST approved while foreign competitors did not. Marketing advantages in the Russian ice cream market include distribution channels, sales force, advertising, and brand equity. Smaller, regional ice cream producers are limited in their ability to break into the large city markets which are dominated by multinationals and large producers. Companies with kiosks and cafes need to be mindful of their sales training programs in order to most effectively sell their product. Ice-Fili’s Position in the Russian Market Ice-Fili traces its roots back to 1937 and was the Soviet Union’s first large-scale ice cream manufacturer. Due to its long, established history in Russia, Ice-Fili already owned a large domestic factory when the open market was introduced and multinational companies were able to enter in the early 1990’s. It may also be argued that Ice-Fili’s traditional Russian recipe (from the Soviet days when it was named Moshladokombinat N 8) gave it a brand equity advantage from its inception. Ice-Fili was the largest producer of ice cream in the Russian market. They had an extensive network of permanent and temporary kiosks/stands which have historically been the main distribution channel for ice cream in Russia. The company also prides itself on using only natural ingredients in its ice cream. No preservatives or colorants are added since Russian consumers have traditionally been more concerned with the amount of preservatives than fat content. Other producers used palm or coconut oil and preservatives to decrease costs. Traditional Russian ice cream (which Ice-Fili produces) contains 15% milk fat whereas Western â€Å"premium† ice cream contains 10%. This gives traditional Russian ice cream its unique flavor and texture. After the Russian financial crisis of 1998, Ice-Fili continued to use sweet cream butter from New Zealand (82% fat content) instead of the Russian butter (72% fat content) that its competitors were using after the 1998 financial crisis. By doing this, they were able to maintain product differentiation which, in turn, helped them to maintain customer loyalty. Competitor Strengths and Weaknesses: Ice-Fili has new regional producers (e. g. Russkii Holod) that have no links to the traditional, Soviet- style of ice cream manufacturing, yet continue to gain market share through cheap pricing. Their weakness is not having the money to support expansion through the purchase of large, expensive equipment and factories. It is also very difficult for them to compete with multinational or large domestic manufacturers in the cities. Nestle, Ice-Fili’s most fierce competitor, has been doing business in Russia since 1996. They have advertised heavily and invested in local Russian factories to keep import costs down. Their issue is that their ice cream is not made with traditional Russian ingredients or natural products, providing a substantial competitive advantage for Ice-Fili, contributing to why the brand has remained afloat. Baskin Robbins has been around since 1990 and has factories in Russia. They have been one of the few ice cream franchisors, establishing a wide market of â€Å"premium† shops and cafes. Their biggest weakness is that their ice cream is highly priced (up to 30 rubles per serving) and that their staff and managers at the cafes and shops lack proper training. Brand Strategy â€Å"M? † (We ARE Russian Ice Cream! ) Ice-Fili needs to engage in increased television and print advertising to keep up with the competition. Another possibility is to hire national celebrities to endorse the product (e. g. the Russian Gymnastics team) to maintain their ties to Russian tradition. It may also be profitable for Ice-Fili to focus on developing a brand and a customer loyalty program to motivate consumers to shift their preference. Ice-Fili’s stance as a brand should exude strong consumer pride in traditional Russian products. According to the adage, â€Å"The enemy of my enemy is my friend,† one possible strategy to pursue would be the acquisition or merger with one of the existing competitors. This could enable the new company to increase its market share, pool its resources (and thereby reducing costs) and a possible expansion into previous explored or unexplored markets. Some possibilities for a merger would be the companies Petroholod (P) and Lipetskiy Hladokombinat (LH) (pg 24, Exhibit 11). P could provide the expertise to invest into local retail thereby â€Å"attacking† some of the local ice cream manufacturers and possibly increasing the market share. Since P is also vertically integrated with distribution this could provide Ice-Fili the opportunity to pool resources and reduce costs, possibly increasing its share in distribution and eliminating as much of the distribution mark-up as possible. Exhibit 9 states that distributors claim a 40% mark-up so increasing vertical integration into distribution could result in significant cost savings. Since P also has a market in storage and wholesale trade of frozen products this could provide Ice-Fili an opportunity to expand its ice-cream sales into the wholesale market and increasing its market share as well. LH also has a vertical integration in retail and local cafes. A merger with this company would also give Ice-Fili the chance to cut into local ice-cream manufacturers’ shares and by expanding its reach through LH retails arm. With an investment into local cafe’s Ice-Fili can increase an untapped market like restaurants and supermarkets, with a combined 5% of sales (Exhibit 10). An expansion into local cafes could cut into Baskin-Robbins’ shares Overall, both companies can provide Ice-Fili with a successfully implanted cost advantage over competitors by reducing savings in the distribution and retail mark-up categories; a marketing advantage through increased distribution and sales into local retails and cafe’s as well as a differentiation advantage. The differentiation advantage goes hand-in-hand with cost advantage. By reducing the markup costs, Ice-Fili has the possibility to continue manufacturing its ice-cream without any dairy substitutes which, according to Exhibit 9, can provide 50% cost savings and ultimately deliver a better quality ice-cream. Another possible strategy would be to look forward, survey the market and see if there is a demand for frozen yogurt products. With the rest of the Western world battling obesity, there might also be a market for more health conscious consumers. By exploring this possibility, but still maintaining the quality product they are known for, Ice-Fili could become an innovative, global leader in a ground-breaking, health-conscious ice cream market. Ice-Fili cannot afford to pass up the opportunity to expand into the dry ice export/import market which could clearly become their cash cow. Though this decision will require some start-up investment costs in the form of man power, design and creative technology, it would also allow the company to diversify their assets and leverage their resources in the highly competitive ice cream market. This would also provide the company with a backup plan of exiting the ice cream market if market conditions become extremely unfavorable. The dry ice expansion would also have contingent benefits for Ice-Fili, potentially allowing for more efficient transport of their natural products within Russia.

Breath Right Essays

Breath Right Essays Breath Right Essay Breath Right Essay When we foremost began marketing this merchandise. what was so sweet. peculiarly as a doctor were the literally 1000s of letters and phone calls we would have speaking about how much better people slept at dark. Almost all the letters began with thank you. thank you. thank you! Just three thank you’s. It was. I haven’t acquire a good night’s slumber like this in 10 old ages. What is Dr. Dan Cohen. CEO of CNS. Inc. . speaking about? Its Breathe Right ® rhinal strips. the advanced adhesive tablet with a little spring inside that. when attached to the olfactory organ. pulls the nasal passages unfastened and makes it easier to take a breath. Since its debut in the United States. Breathe Right strips have been coveted by jocks trusting to better their public presentation through increased O flow. snorers ( and more frequently. snorers’ partners ) trusting for a sound night’s slumber. and allergy and cold sick persons looking for alleviation for their stuffed olfactory organs. The Breathe Right ® strip was invented by Bruce Johnson. who suffered from chronic rhinal congestion. At times he would set straws or paper cartridge holders up his olfactory organ at dark to maintain his nasal passages unfastened. After puttering in his workshop for old ages. he came up with a paradigm design for the Breath Right ® strip. He brought the paradigm to CNS. which was in the slumber upsets diagnostic equipment concern at the clip. Dr. Cohen knew immediately the market for the strips would be immense. After the merchandises received Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) blessing and became successful in the market CNS divested its other involvements and went to work marketing the strips full clip. Bing a little company. CNS did non hold the budget to establish a large-scale selling run. But it got the interruption it needed when Jerry Rice. the broad receiving system for the San Francisco 49ers won the 1995 Superbowl. The full state became cognizant of the merchandise overnight. and demand for the strips increased dramatically. An indicant of this national consciousness was treatment on Television talk shows and even visual aspects of the strip in sketchs. The jobs that the Breath Right ® strip solves – saw wooding. congestion – are non alone to the US population. Besides. with the media being so planetary today. people around the universe were seeing US jocks have oning the strip and inquiring how they could acquire their olfactory organs on some. CNS decided to take Breath Right ® international. But because it was still a comparatively little company and had no experience in the planetary market topographic point. it opted to take on a distribution spouse that had extended planetary mercantile establishments already in topographic point every bit good as the ability to market the merchandise abroad. 3M. shapers of such merchandises as Post-It notes and the leader in stick-to-skin merchandises around the universe became the international distributer for Breath Right ® strips. David Reynolds-Gooch. International Business Manager at 3M. explains that the strips tantrum in good with 3M’s bing adhesive line of first-aid merchandises and are sold in channels with which 3M has extended purchase: pharmaceuticss. hypermarkets and nutrient markets. 3M agreed to take control of all the selling and communicating duties in add-on to the distribution in return for a per centum of the gross revenues gross of the strips. The strips are co-branded in the international markets. The bundles say both Breath Right ® and 3M. 3M introduced the Breath Right ® strip in Japan. and so it was rolled out in Europe. and now can be found in more than 40 states from Australia to South America. 3M used a similar attack to that used by CNS in the US. Create consciousness during the debut stage through public dealingss – athleticss related and otherwise. The first twelvemonth we had unbelievable PR success remembers Reynolds-Gooch. We believe we got approximately $ 14 million worth of free Television. wireless. and print clip around the universe. This was done through such tactics as holding the South African rugger squad wear the strips while it won the World Cup of rugger and holding pulmonologists and take a breathing experts describe the benefits of the merchandise on talk shows in Japan. Australia. Europe and Latin America. CNS rapidly discovered some major differences in marketing the merchandise here and abroad. For case. as Gary Tschautscher. Vice President of International Marketing at CNS explains. In the US. we positioned and distributed the strips as portion of the cough/cold class of merchandises. As we rolled it out internationally. all of a sudden we realized in some states that subdivision in the shop doesn’t even exist. So where make you place your merchandise? Additionally. says Reynolds-Gooch. There truly aren’t many big drug ironss or pharmaceutics ironss. The shops are independent in most states by jurisprudence. So what that means is you have to travel through multiple beds of distribution and finally we were able to act upon the druggist because of the other merchandises 3M distributes in the shops. Finally. there is no couponing in most states in the universe. That vehicle for bring oning test of a new merchandise is non available. and therefore a batch more in-store sa mpling is needed. Both CNS and 3M face some issues for the hereafter as Breathe Right strips addition in popularity around the Earth. While the athletic section of the market gets most of the promotion. the snorers are the majority of the market for the strips internationally. Reynolds-Gooch has identified making heavy users – those who use the strip every dark – as the most of import selling point for the hereafter. in front of people with seasonal colds or allergic reactions. Besides. many of the markets that have been identified as hot new markets throughout the concern community may non be appropriate of the Breath Right ® strip. For illustration. Latin America and Asia ( particularly China ) are emerging markets with steadily increasing income degrees and big populations. but the mean age in these states is under 30. and people under 30 typically do non hold saw wooding jobs with the frequence that older people do.

APA Referencing What You Need to Know

APA Referencing What You Need to Know APA Referencing: What You Need to Know Although produced by the American Psychological Association, APA referencing is now used to cite sources in a variety of academic fields (not just the social sciences). Knowing the basics of APA referencing is therefore important for any college student. In today’s post, we run through a few important facts about APA referencing, including its background and the format you should use for in-text citations. What is APA Style? APA style and APA referencing are set out in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, which covers various elements of style and formatting as well as citing sources. First published in 1974, the APA manual is designed to ensure that academic writers communicate â€Å"with a minimum of distraction and a maximum of precision.† The APA’s simple-but-clear referencing system is part of this. APA Citations APA referencing uses parenthetical citations, meaning basic source information is provided in the main body of your document. For the majority of source types, APA citations require you to give an author surname and year of publication (along with relevant page numbers if you’re quoting a source directly): Ciabatta is â€Å"one of the most famous Italian breads† (D’Acampo, 2011, p. 22). Note that the name, year and page number are separated by commas in APA citations; it’s also important to remember that the page number is preceded by â€Å"p.† in these citations. The format changes a little when the author is named in the text. In these cases, the year of publication is given immediately after the name, but any page numbers still appear after the quoted text: D’Acampo (2011) claims that â€Å"Tuscan bread is well known for being low in salt† (p. 33). APA Reference Lists In addition to in-text citations, APA referencing requires all sources to be listed with full publication information at the end of your document. This reference list should: List all sources cited in your document (do not list sources you haven’t cited) Invert the names of authors (surname first, followed by initials) Order sources alphabetically by author surname List multiple works by the same author chronologically, earliest first Italicize all journal and book titles Use a half-inch hanging indent for each line after the first in an entry Provide all names of authors for any text with up to seven authors; for texts with more than seven authors, simply list the first six then add the final author after an ellipsis Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns in titles and subtitles The precise information required for each source varies depending on format but will generally include details about the author(s), title and publisher. The D’Acampo book cited above, for instance, would appear in the reference list as: D’Acampo, G. (2011). Italian home baking. London: Kyle Books. And after finishing your reference list, why not treat yourself to a nice ciabatta?

The Theme of Dedication in the Movie Chariots of Fire Essay

The Theme of Dedication in the Movie Chariots of Fire - Essay Example This is because it involves the making of significant sacrifices, crucial decisions and options. It additionally involves the taking of several bold, courageous and unusual steps. At times, the choices may be tough if two vital options are involved. It is such choices that may lead to criticisms and discouragements from others. In this case, dedication plays an essential role in giving an individual the will to continue while bearing in mind the benefits of his or her activities. Ultimately the fruits of the action of dedicated people are shown from the impact they create in the society as well as the reputation they present to the society. Dedication and Perseverance in â€Å"Chariot of Fire† The main theme brought out in this movie is that of dedication and commitment. This is shown in the events and results of the races in which Abraham and Liddell participated. It is revealed that for an individual to have this strong drive of dedication there is an underlying reason. This is considered the main element that makes him strong in the implementation of his actions. Abraham notices a high level of anti Semitism among the staff and students at the University of Cambridge. He is convinced that he can take part in an activity that will prove the ability of Jews to succeed and thus eliminate prejudice (Bradshaw par. 1). It is one of the actions that he uses to cover their prejudice and superior feeling by ignoring their criticisms. Liddell, on the other hand, gains enjoyment from serving God as a son of missionary parents. In spite of his sister; Jennie’s disapproval, he is convinced that, through his participation in competitive running, he will get a chance to glorify God (Ben, Charleson and Havers). This is before he goes for missionary work in China. As such, his main dedication is in the overall service of God in different fields. In addition, the action in which someone is to be dedicated should elicit the feeling of enjoyment. Despite the preju dice Abraham enjoys taking part in the Gilbert and Sullivan club. As such, dedication id brought about by various motivational factors. They include the numerous wins and victories that Abrahams gets within the college and in other national competition (Bradley, 576). These include the first time historical win at the Great Court run. It is these activities that give him the confidence of a greater win. It is from this that he attains the dedication to run in the effort to fight prejudice. In â€Å"Chariots of Fire† dedication is detected to be made stronger by the faced obstacles. During the 400 meter race, Liddell is tripped by a Frenchman. He is like Abraham, equally motivated by his performance, and recovers the distance to his win (Ben, Charleson and Havers). This opinion is especially influenced by their convictions to take part in the race. Nonetheless, the main difference between the intended purposes of the Jew and Christian in running activities also reveals this. W hile the Scottish Eric Liddell does it in order to glorify God, the Jewish Harold Abraham runs to escape from prejudice. The desire to achieve these purposes in the race prevents them from being discouraged and instead provides them with the strength to pursue their goals towards success. They thus possess a powerful will despite their different religious and racial affiliations. Ben, Charleson, and Havers use it to show that dedication in the same field surpasses the differences in different aspects.

An understanding of the term One Man Bridge Operation Dissertation

An understanding of the term One Man Bridge Operation - Dissertation Example This study looks into IMO, COLREGs and the STCW 95, that have laid down regulations and norms that govern one-man bridge operations and these have caused a reduction in the incidents at sea and thereby increased the safety of vessels at sea. Yet, the situation has not been brought totally under control and as seen human fatigue in combination with one-man bridge operation is still a problem area. My humble viewing of the situation and the manner in which this can be addressed runs this way. Incidents at sea due to human fatigue and one man bridge operations is due to the improper manning of ships and the navigation team and the Master of the vessel and the navigation team pay the price even though they are not responsible for the manning policies on board the ship. A minimum complement of four navigation officers and four navigation ratings should be made mandatory on board all seagoing vessels irrespective of the type of vessel, size of vessel and length of voyage. Inspections of sh ips can be utilized to ensure proper manning of vessels. The fines for improper manning of vessels should be high so as to act as a deterrent. These fines should be imposed on the ship owner or ship Management Company. The quantum of the fine should be similar to those imposed for polluting the environment as this measure has been effective in making tankers wary of polluting the seas. Such steps would cause ships to be manned in an optimum manner and if not remove at least reduce the problem caused by human fatigue and the one-man bridge operation.

Critical and evaluative intellectual biography of Jean-Noel Kapferer 3 Essay - 1

Critical and evaluative intellectual biography of Jean-Noel Kapferer 3 articles - Essay Example Although many managers feel that investment in luxury business is one of best ways to remain profitable, they fail to understand the nature of the products and the best way to approach the market to optimize organization profits. Through a series of research based articles, Kapferer eliminates the vagueness that hinders understanding of luxury brands and provides an approach to invest in luxury business by analysing the client behaviour and their purchasing patterns. Through creation of brand awareness, Kapferer has managed to influence the contemporary business strategies. A close analysis of Kapferer’s contribution the design of the luxury brands will show his great influence in the business market. The main area of focus of Kapferer has been in modern business, especially in the branding of luxury brands. He has dedicated a number of his works to the luxury market that for long has become vague, putting the managers at the risk of failure in this market. His strong background in business is linked to his great experience and knowledge in the field of business. Kapferer is MBA holder from HEC Paris and PhD in North-western University in USA. Currently, he serves as a professor as HEC Business school, one of the schools that have won the first position among Europe business school. Overtime, Kapferer has developed the skill of indepth and critical analysis of brands with the aim of providing product design strategies that can be applied in the practical business environment. He has produced a number of books in different languages that have become brand icons in the business environment. His experience as a business consultant in the international business environment has contri buted to his influence in the business environment (Kapferer, 1996). Having identified the vagueness that exists in the understanding of luxury products, Kapferer seeks to provide disambiguation through an in-depth analysis of the factors

Leadership Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Leadership Philosophy - Essay Example When a leader has lost the confidence of the team, that leader must resort to the least effective ways of getting things done. Leaders that do not have the confidence of the team must cajole and discipline unwilling employees to accomplish the stated goals of the organization. This creates a toxic relationship on the team. However, if a leader is wise enough to interact with everyone in an atmosphere charged by integrity then trust is built. Trust is one of the most liberating sensations one can experience in the workplace or in our personal lives. I believe that establishing this relationship of trust is essential because my belief is that good leaders lead best by modeling correct actions and allowing their subordinates the freedom choose to follow the effective practices modeled. One of these skills an effective leader can model the strong critical thinking skills. The effective leader must be able to cast aside assumptions about established procedures so improvements can be discovered through the use of a critical eye. Good leaders are not bound by tradition. They do follow established protocols, but are able to look beyond the immediate needs of the team or organization by firmly establishing in their minds what is most important and of greatest priority at any given time. Modeling critical thinking for a leader is essential, because this is the type of skill I expect and employee to possess and to be able to deploy on an independent basis. The good thing about critical thinking skills is they can be acquired. By being in contact often with other members of the team, a good leader can use conversations to help employees evaluate their actions in a given situation that perhaps didn’t work out well due to a lack of critical thinking. These teachable moments are important if a leader is to build leadership capacity in other members of the team. Critical thinking builds on the basis of trust

Global Retail Business - the Keys to Success Research Paper

Global Retail Business - the Keys to Success - Research Paper Example Modern concepts are important to incorporate into a global retail business strategy. Sustainability is essential in providing the consumer with the feeling that their consumer activities are being done with a sense of responsibility. Using modern technology in marketing concerns will provide a company with both good marketing opportunities and the appearance of modernity with respect to current trends. Creating a branding aesthetic will provide for the association of the product to desirable lifestyles, thus, in turn, creating a demand for the products that fall under that brand. Therefore, the experience within the retail environment must be as pleasurable as the satisfaction of that association. Creating a modern retail strategy requires incorporating a great number of factors into the overall design. When dealing with a global strategy for a retail corporation, regulatory differences between different nations can sometimes impact the potential for success. However, creating success from restrictive regulations can involve creative solutions to problems of legal restrictions that are designed to circumvent those restrictions in a way that creates higher levels of profit from competitors. Engaging the global community means creating ways in which to insert a product and brand into a culture without attempting to change the culture, but with the intent of using their traditions and regulations in ways that enhance the success of the product.

Standardization of Knowledge Management Annotated Bibliography

Standardization of Knowledge Management - Annotated Bibliography Example The main purpose of this research is to identify and provide critically relevant examples of the role of biomedical ontologies in the data integration, decision support, and knowledge management. The author has primarily explained the importance of standardization of biomedical ontologies and their role in knowledge management with the support of a number of published pieces of literature. The methodology used in this research article is the survey and review of published kinds of literature and operational systems. The strength of the research is that it has followed a functional perspective in the methodology. This statement is confirmed by the fact that the cases of usage of ontologies in operational systems have been included in the research. Some examples of these are the inclusion of ontologies like SNOMED CT, LOINC, FMA, the Gene Ontology, RxNorm, UMLS etc. On the other side, adding to the strength of the research, recent research articles are referred to as well. This provides relevant scientific support to the survey findings. The finding of the research confirms the importance of ontologies in biomedical research. The use of ontologies as a key input towards knowledge management is reiterated in the survey. This indicates the local application of the survey findings with relevance to knowledge management. The conclusions have provided scope for further research on the application of standardized ontologies in knowledge management. However, one weakness that pertains to the research is that the inclusion criteria for the literature included in the survey have not been mentioned. However, the wide range of references included justifies this.

Global Retail Business - the Keys to Success Research Paper

Global Retail Business - the Keys to Success - Research Paper Example Modern concepts are important to incorporate into a global retail business strategy. Sustainability is essential in providing the consumer with the feeling that their consumer activities are being done with a sense of responsibility. Using modern technology in marketing concerns will provide a company with both good marketing opportunities and the appearance of modernity with respect to current trends. Creating a branding aesthetic will provide for the association of the product to desirable lifestyles, thus, in turn, creating a demand for the products that fall under that brand. Therefore, the experience within the retail environment must be as pleasurable as the satisfaction of that association. Creating a modern retail strategy requires incorporating a great number of factors into the overall design. When dealing with a global strategy for a retail corporation, regulatory differences between different nations can sometimes impact the potential for success. However, creating success from restrictive regulations can involve creative solutions to problems of legal restrictions that are designed to circumvent those restrictions in a way that creates higher levels of profit from competitors. Engaging the global community means creating ways in which to insert a product and brand into a culture without attempting to change the culture, but with the intent of using their traditions and regulations in ways that enhance the success of the product.

American Literature Essay Example for Free

American Literature Essay Characteristics The literature is as diverse as the cultures that created it, but there are often common elements such as stories explaining creation or natural forces. Major Writers or Works Oral narratives: Myths; legends; songs; creation stories from groups such as the Zuni, Aztec, Navajo, Lakota, Seneca, Tlingit, Cherokee, Blackfoot, Cree, Inuit, and many more. †¢Exploration Period, 1492-1607 Characteristics The first European writings about North America are written in this period. European writings describe the explorers travels and impressions of the continent and its Native  people. Major Writers or Works Prose: Christopher Columbus, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Thomas Harriot, and Samuel de Champlain. Oral narratives: Seneca legend How America was discovered. †¢Colonial Period, 1607-c. 1765 Characteristics The Colonial period was dominated by Puritan beliefs and thus literature of this period is usually historical, religious, or didactic. The most common genres were tracts, polemics, journals, narratives, sermons, and some poetry. The first slave narratives were written at this time. Imaginative literature was rare; in some colonies, it was banned for being immoral. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Michael Wigglesworth, Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor. Prose: John Smith, Roger Williams, Cotton Mather, Jonathan Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, Benjamin Franklins Poor Richards Almanacks. Narratives: Mary Rowlandsons A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. †¢Revolutionary Period, 1765-1790 Characteristics This period begins with the passing of the Stamp Act in England and ends in 1790. The Revolutionary period usually refers to writings that are politically motivated, either in support of British rule, in support of American patriotism and independence, or relating to the Constitution. Major Writers or Works Prose: Thomas Jeffersons Autobiography, Declaration by the Represent-atives of the United States of America, Thomas Paines Common Sense, Alexander Hamilton and James Madisons Federalist Papers. Drama: Royall Tylers The Contrast. Verse and Ballads: Yankee Doodle, The Liberty Song. †¢Early National Period, 1775-1828 Characteristics. During this period, a body of distinctly American imaginative literature began to emerge. As with the novel, poetry, essays, and sketches also began to flourish. The publishing world and readership in America also began to grow. Slave narratives were published with increasing frequency. This period is sometimes called the Federalist period after the conservative federalists in power at the time. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Phillip Freneau, William Cullen Bryant, Phillis Wheatley. Prose: Judith Sargent Murray, Mercy Otis Warren, Washington Irving, Lydia Maria Child. Narratives: Olaudah Equianos The Interesting Narrative of the Lfe of Olaudah Equiano. Novels: Hannah Webster Fosters The Coquette. †¢Romantic Period, 1828-1865 Characteristics The Romantic period covers the period between Jacksonian democracy to the end of the Civil War. This period was the first major explosion of a distinctly American body of literature; for this reason, this period is also referred to as the American Renaissance. Many of American literatures most well-known writers emerged during this time. Readership increased significantly and the 1850s saw a number of immensely popular novels. Issues and subjects addressed in the literature of this time ranged from the American identity, to the slavery debate, to historical narratives, to poems and narratives inspired by romanticism, to prose works examining national unity. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Lydia Sigourney, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass, Emily Dickinson. Prose: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Rebecca Harding Davis, William Lloyd Garrison. Narratives: Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Novels: James Fenimore Cooper, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Catharine Maria Sedgwick, Herman Melville, Susan Warner, Maria Susanna Cummins The Lamplighter, Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin, William Wells Brown, Harriet E. Wilson. Drama: George Aikens play, Uncle Toms Cabin, based on Stowes novel. †¢The Age of Transcendentalism, 1836-1860 Characteristics Transcendentalism, though varied, investigated the relationship between nature, humanity, society, and the divine. Major Writers or Works Prose: Ralph Waldo Emersons Nature, Self-Reliance, and The American Scholar, Margaret. Fullers Woman in the Nineteenth Century, Henry David Thoreaus Walden, Bronson Alcott. †¢Realism, 1865-1900 Characteristics The post-Civil War period was an era of increased industrialization and urbanization as the nation attempted to recover emotionally, culturally, and politically from the aftermath of the war. Though there were still elements of romanticism, this period was considered realistic in its emphasis on unidealized and truthful depictions. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Walt Whitman, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Emily Dickinsons poems published posthumously. Prose: Sarah Orne Jewett, Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, Zitkala-Sa, Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper, George Washington Cable, Kate Chopin. Novels: Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, William Dean Howells, Bret Harte, Louisa May Alcotts Little Women, Henry James, Helen Hunt Jacksons Ramona, Frances E. W. Harpers Iola Leroy. †¢Naturalism, 1900-1914 Characteristics An offshoot of realism, naturalism claimed to give an even more realistic and unflinching depiction of contemporary life. Naturalism was characterized by a pessimistic view of humanity and human existence. Major Writers or Works. Prose: Frank Norris, Jack London, Stephen Crane, Hamlin Garland. Novels: Frank Norris McTeague, Theodore Dreisers Sister Carrie, Jack Londons The Sea-Wolf, Stephen Cranes Maggie: a Girl of the Streets. †¢Modern Period, 1914-1939 Characteristics A period in British and American literature spanning the years between WWI and WWII. Works in this period reflect the changing social, political, and cultural climate and are diverse, experimental, and nontraditional. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Robert Frost, Carl Sandburg, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, T. S. Eliot, Edna St. Vincent Millay, e.e. cummings, H. D. Novels: Edith Wharton, Willa Cather, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Sinclair Lewis, John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemingway. Drama: Eugene ONeills. The Emperor Jones, Susan Glaspells, Trifles, Clifford Odets. †¢Harlem Renaissance, 1920s and 1930s Characteristics The Harlem Renaissance was the first major burgeoning of visual, literary, and performing arts by African Americans concerned with African-American life, art, culture, and politics. The influence of the Harlem Renaissance remained strong for the remainder of the 20th century. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay. Prose: W. E. B DuBois, Jean Toomer. Novels: Zora Neale Hurston, Nella Larsen, Passing, Jessie Redmon Fauset, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay. Drama: Randolph Edmonds, Langston Hughes. †¢Lost Generation, 1920s Characteristics After WWI, a group of American writers grew increasingly disillusioned by, and resistant to, what they saw as hypocrisy in dominant American ideology and culture. Many of these writers left America in search of a more artistic life in London or Paris. Major Writers or Works. Poetry: Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot. Prose: Gertrude Stein, T. S. Eliot. Novels: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises. †¢Beat Writers, 1950s Characteristics Beat Writers writing was generally anti-traditional, anti-establishment, and anti-intellectual. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Allen Ginsbergs Howl, Lawrence Ferlinghetti. Prose: Gertrude Stein, T. S. Eliot. Novels: William Burroughs, Jack Kerouacs On the Road. †¢Postmodern or Contemporary, 1940-present Characteristics In British and American literature, the postmodern period refers to literature written after WWII. The postmodern period reflects anxieties concerning, and reactions to life in the 20th century. Postmodern works are often highly experimental and anti-conventional. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Sylvia Plath, Marianne Moore, Robert Penn Warren, Anne Sexton, Gwendolyn Brooks, Adrienne Rich, Philip Larkin. Prose: Eudora Welty, Raymond Carver, John Cheever, Alice Walker. Novels: Saul Bellow, Ralph Ellison, John Updike, Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. , Richard Wright, Thomas Pynchon, E. L Doctorow, James Baldwin, Toni Morrison. Drama: Edward Albee, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, Lorraine Hansberry, August Wilson, David Mamet.